Glassmaking using natron from el-Barnugi (Egypt); Pliny and the Roman glass industry

Barag D (2005) Alexandrian and Judaean glass in the price edict of Diocletian. Journal of Glass Studies 47:184–186

Bateson HM, Turner WES (1939) A note on the solubility of sodium chloride in a soda–lime–silica glass. J Soc Glas Technol 23:265–27T

Brems D, Degryse P (2013) Trace element analysis in provenancing Roman glass-making. Archaeometry. doi: 10.1111/arcm.12063

Brems D, Ganio M, Degryse P 2014 The Sr-Nd isotopic fingerprint of sand raw materials. In P. Degryse (ed) Glass making in the Greco-Roman world. Studies in Archaeological Sciences 4, Leuven University Press 31–67

Brill RH (1999) Chemical analyses of early glasses. Volume 2: the tables. Corning, New York, p. 480

Cosson AFC 1936 El Barnugi. Bulletin Société Royale D’Archéologie–Alexandrie no. 30–N.S. Vol. IX-1, 113–116

Coulson WDE, Leonard A Jr (1979) A preliminary survey of the Naukratis Region in the Western Nile Delta. Journal of Field Archaeology 6(2):152–168

Décobert C 2003 Le natron égyptien au Moyen-Âge. In D. Foy, M.-D. Nenna eds, Échanges et commerce du verre dans le monde antique, actes du colloque de l’AFAV, Aix-en-Provence, Juin 2001, Instrumentum 24 125–127

Dardeniz G 2015 Was ancient Egypt the only supplier of natron? New research reveals major Anatolian deposits Anatolica XLI. 191–202

Degryse P (Ed) 2014 Glass making in the Greco-Roman world. Leuven University Press, Leuven

Degryse P, Schneider J (2008) Pliny the Elder and Sr-Nd isotopes: tracing the provenance of raw materials for Roman glass production. J Archaeol Sci 35:1993–2000

Devulder V, Degryse P 2014 Chapter 5: the sources of Natron, in P. Degryse (Ed.) Glass making in the Greco-Roman world. Leuven University Press, Leuven, 87–95. 97–112

Devulder V, Vanhaecke F, Shortland A, Mattingly D, Jackson CM, Degryse P (2014) Boron isotopic composition as a provenance indicator for the flux raw material in Roman natron glass. J Archaeol Sci 46:107–113

Dinnebier RE, Billinge SJL (2008) Powder diffraction theory and practice. Royal Society of Chemistry, Cambridge

Foy D, Picon M, Thirion-Merle V, Vichy M 2003 Caractérisation des verres de la fin de l’Antiquité en Méditerranée occidentale: l’émergence de nouveaux courants commerciaux. In D. Foy, M.-D. Nenna eds, Echanges et commerce du verre dans le monde antique, actes du colloque de l’AFAV, Aix-en-Provence, Juin 2001, Instrumentum, 41–85

Freestone IC (2006) Glass production in Late Antiquity and the Early Islamic period: a geochemical perspective. In: Magetti M, Messiga B (eds) Geomaterials in cultural heritage, 201–216. Geological Society, London

Freestone IC, Stapleton CP (2015) Composition of mosaic glass vessels of the early Imperial period. In: Bayley J, Freestone IC, Jackson CJ (eds) Glass of the Roman world. Oxbow Books, Oxford, pp. 62–77

Gallo F, Silvestri A, Molin G (2013) Glass from the Archaeological Museum of Adria (North-East Italy): new insights into Early Roman production technologies. J Archaeol Sci 40:2589–2605

Ignatiadou D, Dotsika E, Kouras A, Maniatis Y 2005 Nitrum chalestricum: the natron of Macedonia. Annales du 16e Congres de l’Association Internationale pour l’Histoire du Verre 16, London 2003, 16 64–67

Jackson CM, Smedley JW (2004) Medieval and post-medieval glass technology: melting characteristics of some glasses melted from vegetable ash and sand mixtures. Glass Technol 45(1):36–42

Jackson CM, Paynter S (2015) A great big melting pot: exploring patterns of glass supply, consumption and recycling in Roman Coppergate, York. Archaeometry. doi: 10.1111/arcm.12158

Jones HL 1928 (translation). The geography of Strabo, volume VII, book XVI. Harvard University press, Loeb Classical Library, Harvard Massachusetts

Köpsel D 2001 Solubility and vaporization of halides. In Proc. Int. Congr. Glass, Volume 2. Extended Abstracts, Edinburgh, 2001. Society of Glass Technology, Sheffield. P 330

Lucas A (1912) Natural soda deposits in Egypt. Survey Department Press, Cairo

Lucas A (1932) The occurrence of natron in ancient Egypt. J Egypt Archaeol 18(1/2):62–66

Lucas A, Harris JR (1962) Ancient Egyptian materials and industries, 4th edn. Edward Arnold, London

Nenna M-D, Vichy M, Picon M (1997) L’Atelier de verrier de Lyon, du 1er siècle après J.-C., et l’origine des verres “Romains”. Revue d’Archéométrie 21:81–87

Nenna M-D, Vichy M, Picon M, Thirion Merle V 2005 Ateliers primaires du Wadi Natrun: nouvelles découvertes. Annales du 16e congrès de l’association Internationale pour l’Histoire du Verre (London 2003), Nottingham: AIHV, 56–63

Nenna M-D (2015) Primary glass workshops in Graeco-Roman Egypt: preliminary report on the excavations of the site of Beni Salama, Wadi Natrun (2003, 2005–9). In: Bayley J, Freestone IC, Jackson CM (eds) Glass of the Roman world. Oxbow Books, Oxford, pp. 1–22

Parkinson J (1914) The East African trough in the neighbourhood of the Soda Lakes. Geogr J 44(1):33–46

Paynter S, Kearns T, Cool H, Chenery S (2015) Roman coloured glass in the Western provinces: the glass cakes and tesserae from West Clacton in England. J Archaeol Sci. doi: 10.1016/j.jas.2015.07.006

Pearce NJG, Perkins WT, Westgate JA, Gorton MP, Jackson SE, Neal CR, Chenery SP (1997) A compilation of new and published major and trace element data for NIST SRM 610 and NIST SRM 612 glass reference materials. Geostandards Newsletter. The Journal of Geostandards and Geoanalysis 21(1):115–144

Pliny: natural history. Volumes VIII (translated by W.H.S. Jones, 1963) and X (translated by D.E. Eichholz, 1962) Loeb Classical Library, Cambridge, Massachusetts

Rehren T (2000) Rationales in Old World base glass compositions. J Archaeol Sci 27(12):1225–1234

Shelby JE (1997) Introduction to glass science and technology. Royal Society of Chemistry, Hertfordshire

Shortland A (2004) Evaporites of the Wadi Natrun: seasonal and annual variation and its implication for ancient exploration. Archaeometry 46:497–516

Shortland A, Schachner L, Freestone I, Tite M (2006) Natron as a flux in the early vitreous materials industry: sources, beginnings and reasons for decline. J Archaeol Sci 33:521–530

Shortland A, Degryse P, Walton M, Geer M, Lauwers V, Salou L (2011) The evaporitic deposits of Lake Fazda (Wadi Natrun, Egypt) and their use in Roman glass production. Archaeometry 53(5):916–929

Shugar A, Rehren TH (2002) The composition of Egyptian glass as a function of melting temperature. Proc. XIX Int. Congr. Glass, Edinburgh, 1–6 July 2001. Glass Technol 43C:145–150

Silvestri A, Molin G, Salviulo G, Schievenin R (2006) Sand for Roman glass production: an experimental and philological study on source of supply. Archaeometry 48(3):415–432

Silvestri A, Molin, G. and Salviulo, G. (2008) The colourless glass of Iulia Felix. J Archaeol Sci 35(2):331–341

Smedley JW, Jackson CM (2002) Medieval and post-medieval glass technology: batch measuring practices. Glass Technol 43(1):22–27

Tanimoto S, Rehren T (2008) Interactions between silicate and salt melts in LBA glassmaking. J Archaeol Sci 35:2566–2573

Turner WES (1956) Studies in ancient glasses and glassmaking processes, part V; raw materials and melting processes. J Soc Glas Technol 40:277–300T

Wikinson JG (1843) Some account of the Natron Lakes of Egypt. Journal of the Royal Geographical Society 13:113–118

Yardeni A (1994) Maritime trade and royal accountancy in an erased customs account from 475 B.C.E. On the Ahiqar scroll from elephantine. Bull Am Sch Orient Res 293:67–78