Giant cell tumour of bone: morphological, biological and histogenetical aspects

Atkins GJ, Haynes DR, Graves SE, Evdokiou A, Hay S, Bouralexis S, Findlay DM (2000) Expression of osteoclast differentiation signals by stromal elements of giant cell tumors. J Bone Miner Res 15:640–649

Atkins GJ, Bouralexis S, Haynes DR, Graves SE, Geary SM, Evdokiou A, Zannettino AC, Hay S, Findlay DM (2001) Osteoprotegerin inhibits osteoclast formation and bone resorbing activity in giant cell tumors of bone. Bone 28:370–377

Bardi G, Pandis N, Mandahl N, Heim S, Sfikas K, Willén H, Panagiotopoulos G, Rydholm A, Mitelman F (1991) Chromosomal abnormalities in giant cell tumors of bone. Cancer Genet Cytogenet 57:161–167

Bertoni F, Present D, Sudanese A, Baldini N, Bacchini P, Campanacci M (1988) Giant-cell tumor of bone with pulmonary metastases. Six case reports and a review of the literature. Clin Orthop Relat Res 237:275–285

Bridge JA, Neff JR, Bhatia PS, Sanger WG, Murphy MD (1990) Cytogenetic findings and biologic behavior of giant cell tumors of bone. Cancer 65:2697–2703

Bridge JA, Neff JR, Mouron BJ (1992) Giant cell tumor of bone Chromosomal analysis of 48 specimens and review of the literature. Cancer Genet Cytogenet 58:2–13

Brien EW, Mirra JM, Kessler S, Suen M, Ho JKS, Yang WT (1997) Benign giant cell tumor of bone with osteosarcomatous transformation (“dedifferentiated” primary malignant GCT): Report of two cases. Skeletal Radiol 26:246–255

Campanacci M (1994) Giant-cell tumor and chondrosarcoma: grading, treatment and results. Recent Results Cancer Res 999:257–261

Chang SS, Suratwala SJ, Jung KM, Doppelt JD, Zhang HZ, Blaine TA, Kim TW, Winchester RJ, Lee FY (2004): Bisphosphonates may reduce recurrence in giant cell tumor by inducing apoptosis. Clin Orthop Relat Res 426:103–109

Cheng JC, Johnston JO (1997) Giant cell tumor of bone-Prognosis and treatment of pulmonary metastases. Clin Orthop 338:205–214

Cheng YY, Huang L, Kumta SM, Lee KM, Lai FM, Tam JS (2003) Cytochemical and ultrastructural changes in the osteoclast-like giant cells of giant cell tumor of bone following bisphosphonate administration. Ultrastruct Pathol 27:385–391

Cheng YY, Huang L, Lee KM, Xu JK, Zheng MH, Kumta SM (2004) Bisphosphonates induce apoptosis of stromal tumor cells in giant cell tumor of bone. Calcif Tissue Int 75:71–77

Gamberi G, Benassi MS, Ragazzini P, Pazzaglia L, Ponticelli F, Ferrari C, Balladelli A, Mercuri M, Gigli M, Bertoni F, Picci P (2004) Proteases and interleukin-6 gene analysis in 92 giant cell tumors of bone. Ann Oncol 15:498–503

Guenther R, Krenn V, Morawietz L, Dankof A, Melcher I, Schaser KD, Kasper HU, Kuban RJ, Ungethum U, Sers C (2005) Giant cell tumors of the bone: molecular profiling and expression analysis of Ephrin A1 receptor, Claudin 7, CD52, FGFR3 and AMFR. Pathol Res Pract 201:649–663

Huang L, Xu J, Wood DJ, Zheng MH (2000) Gene expression of osteoprotegerin ligand, osteoprotegerin, and receptor activator of NF-kappaB in giant cell tumor of bone: possible involvement in tumor cell-induced osteoclast-like cell formation. Am J Pathol 156:761–767

Huang L, Teng XY, Cheng YY, Lee KM, Kumta SM (2004) Expression of preosteoblast markers and Cbfa-1 and Osterix gene transcripts in stromal tumour cells of giant cell tumour of bone. Bone 34:393–401

James IE, Dodds RA, Olivera DL, Nuttall ME, Gowen M (1996) Human osteoclastoma-derived stromal cells: correlation of the ability to form mineralized nodules in vitro with formation of bone in vivo. J Bone Miner Res 11:1453–1460

Kandel R, Li SQ, Bell R, Wunder J, Ferguson P, Kauzman A, Diehl JA, Werier J (2006) Cyclin D1 and p21 is elevated in the giant cells of giant cell tumors. J Orthop Res 24:428–437

Kartsogiannis V, Zhou H, Horwood NJ, Thomas RJ, Hards DK, Quinn JM, Niforas P, Ng KW, Martin TJ, Gillespie MT (1999) Localization of RANKL (receptor activator of NF kappa B ligand) mRNA and protein in skeletal and extraskeletal tissues. Bone 25:525–534

Kauzman A, Li SQ, Bradley G, Bell RS, Wunder JS, Kandel R (2004) Central giant cell granuloma of the jaws: assessment of cell cycle proteins. J Oral Pathol Med 33:170–176

Kawaguchi K, Oda Y, Saito T, Yamamoto H, Takahira T, Tamiya S, Iwamoto Y, Tsuneyoshi M (2004): Decreased expression of transforming growth factor-beta II receptor is associated with that of p27KIP1 in giant cell tumor of bone: a possible link between transforming growth factor-beta and cell cycle-related protein. Hum Pathol 35:61–68

Kay RM, Eckardt JJ, Seeger LL, Mirra JM, Hak DJ (1994) Pulmonary metastasis of benign giant cell tumor of bone. Six histologically confirmed cases, including one of spontaneous regression. Clin Orthop Relat Res 302:219–230

Kumta S M, Huang L, Cheng Y Y, Chow L T, Lee K M, Zheng M H (2003): Expression of VEGF and MMP-9 in giant cell tumor of bone and other osteolytic lesions. Life Sci 73:1427–1436

Lau YS, Sabokbar A, Gibbons CL, Giele H, Athanasou N (2005) Phenotypic and molecular studies of giant-cell tumors of bone and soft tissue. Hum Pathol 36:945–954

Liao TS, Yurgelun MB, Chang SS, Zhang HZ, Murakami K, Blaine TA, Parisien MV, Kim W, Winchester RJ, Lee FY (2005) Recruitment of osteoclast precursors by stromal cell derived factor-1 (SDF-1) in giant cell tumor of bone. J Orthop Res 23:203–209

Mankin HJ, Connor JF, Schiller AL, Perlmutter N, Alho A, McGuire M (1985) Grading of bone tumors by analysis of nuclear DNA content using flow cytometry. J Bone Joint Surg Am 67:404–413

Marui T, Yamamoto T, Yoshihara H, Kurosaka M, Mizuno K, Akamatsu T (2001) De novo malignant transformation of giant cell tumor of bone. Skeletal Radiol 30:104–108

Masui F, Ushigome S, Fujii K (1998) Giant cell tumor of bone: a clinicopathologic study of prognostic factors. Pathol Int 48:723–729

McComb EN, Johansson SL, Neff JR, Nelson M, Bridge JA (1996) Chromosomal anomalies exclusive of telomeric associations in giant cell tumor of bone. Cancer Genet Cytogenet 88:163–166

Montero O, Salle MT, Guevara R, Olivera P, Maldonado V, Melendez-Zajgla J (2003) Cytogenetic analysis of the mononuclear cell component of giant cell tumors of bone. Cancer Genet Cytogenet 146:170–172

Morgan T, Atkins GJ, Trivett MK, Johnson SA, Kansara M, Schlicht SL, Slavin JL, Simmons P, Dickinson I, Powell G, Choong PF, Holloway AJ, Thomas DM (2005) Molecular profiling of giant cell tumor of bone and the osteoclastic localization of ligand for receptor activator of nuclear factor {kappa}B. Am J Pathol 167:117–128

Mori Y, Tsuchiya H, Karita M, Nonomura A, Nojima T, Tomita K (2000) Malignant transformation of a giant cell tumor 25 years after initial treatment. Clin Orthop 185–191

Murata A, Fujita T, Kawahara N, Tsuchiya H, Tomita K (2005) Osteoblast lineage properties in giant cell tumors of bone. J Orthop Sci 10:581–588

Murata H, Kusuzaki K, Takeshita H, Hirata M, Hashiguchi S, Ashihara T, Hirasawa Y (1999) Cytofluorometric DNA ploidy analysis in giant cell tumor of bone: histologic and prognostic value. Cancer Lett 136:223–229

Nascimento AG, Huvos AG, Marcove RC (1979) Primary malignant giant cell tumor of bone: a study of eight cases and review of the literature. Cancer 44:1393–1402

Nishimura M, Yuasa K, Mori K, Miyamoto N, Ito M, Tsurudome M, Nishio M, Kawano M, Komada H, Uchida A, Ito Y (2005) Cytological properties of stromal cells derived from giant cell tumor of bone (GCTSC) which can induce osteoclast formation of human blood monocytes without cell to cell contact. J Orthop Res 23:979–987

Noguera R, Llombart-Bosch A, Lopez-Gines C, Carda C, Fernandes C I (1989) Giant-cell tumor of bone, stage II, displaying translocation t(12;19)(q13;q13). Virchows Arch A Pathol Anat Histopathol 415:377–382

Oda Y, Walter H, Radig K, Rose I, Neumann W, Roessner A (1995) Immunohistochemical analysis of nm23 protein expression in malignant bone tumors. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 121:667–673

Ohsaki Y, Takahashi S, Scarcez T, Demulder A, Nishihara T, Williams R, Roodman GD (1992) Evidence for an autocrine/paracrine role for interleukin-6 in bone resorption by giant cells from giant cell tumors of bone. Endocrinology 131:2229–2234

Riminucci M, Kuznetsov SA, Cherman N, Corsi A, Bianco P, Gehron RP (2003) Osteoclastogenesis in fibrous dysplasia of bone: in situ and in vitro analysis of IL-6 expression. Bone 33:434–442

Robinson D, Segal M, Nevo Z (2002) Giant cell tumor of bone the role of fibroblast growth factor 3 positive mesenchymal stem cells in its pathogenesis. Pathobiology 70:333–342

Rock MG, Sim FH, Unni KK, Witrak GA, Frassica FJ, Schray MF, Beabout JW, Dahlin DC (1986) Secondary malignant giant-cell tumor of bone clinicopathological assessment of nineteen patients. J Bone Joint Surg Am 68:1073–1079

Roux S, Amazit L, Meduri G, Guiochon-Mantel A, Milgrom E, Mariette X (2002):RANK (receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa B) and RANK ligand are expressed in giant cell tumors of bone. Am J Clin Pathol 117:210–216

Sara AS, Ayala AG, el Naggar A, Ro JY, Raymond AK, Murray JA (1990) Giant cell tumor of bone a clinicopathologic and DNA flow cytometric analysis. Cancer 66:2186–2190

Sawyer JR, Goosen LS, Binz RL, Swanson CM, Nicholas RW (2005) Evidence for telomeric fusions as a mechanism for recurring structural aberrations of chromosome 11 in giant cell tumor of bone. Cancer Genet Cytogenet 159:32–36

Schwartz HS, Butler MG, Jenkins RB, Miller DA, Moses HL (1991) Telomeric associations and consistent growth factor overexpression detected in giant cell tumor of bone. Cancer Genet Cytogenet 56:263–276

Schwartz HS, Dahir GA, Butler MG (1993) Telomere reduction in giant cell tumor of bone and with aging. Cancer Genet Cytogenet 71:132–138

Schwartz HS, Jenkins RB, Dahl R, Dewald GW (1989) Cytogenetic analyses in giant-cell tumors of bone. Clin Orthop 240:250–260

Schwartz HS, Juliao SF, Sciadini MF, Miller LK, Butler MG (1995) Telomerase activity and oncogenesis in giant cell tumor of bone. Cancer 75:1094–1099

Simonet WS, Lacey DL, Dunstan CR, Kelley M, Chang MS, Luthy R, Nguyen HQ, Wooden S, Bennett L, Boone T, Shimamoto G, DeRose M, Elliott R, Colombero A, Tan HL, Trail G, Sullivan J, Davy E, Bucay N, Renshaw-Gegg L, Hughes TM, Hill D, Pattison W, Campbell P, Sander S, Van G, Tarpley J, Derby P, Lee R, Boyle WJ (1997) Osteoprotegerin: a novel secreted protein involved in the regulation of bone density. Cell 89:309–319

Skubitz KM, Cheng EY, Clohisy DR, Thompson RC, Skubitz AP (2004) Gene expression in giant-cell tumors. J Lab Clin Med 144:193–200

Sunters A, McCluskey J, Grigoriadis AE (1998) Control of cell cycle gene expression in bone development and during c-Fos-induced osteosarcoma formation. Dev Genet 22:386–397

Teot LA, O'Keefe RJ, Rosier RN, O'Connell JX, Fox EJ, Hicks DG (1996) Extraosseous primary and recurrent giant cell tumors: Transforming growth factor-b1 and-b2 expression may explain metaplastic bone formation. Hum Pathol 27:625–632

Tubbs WS, Brown LR, Beabout JW, Rock MG, Unni KK (1992) Benign giant-cell tumor of bone with pulmonary metastases: clinical findings and radiologic appearance of metastases in 13 cases. AJR Am J Roentgenol 158:331–334

Turcotte RE, Wunder JS, Isler MH, Bell RS, Schachar N, Masri BA, Moreau G, Davis AM (2002) Giant cell tumor of long bone: a Canadian Sarcoma Group study. Clin Orthop 397:248–258

Wülling M, Delling G, Kaiser E (2003) The origin of the neoplastic stromal cell in giant cell tumor of bone. Hum Pathol 34:983–993

Wülling M, Delling G, Kaiser E (2004) Differential gene expression in stromal cells of human giant cell tumor of bone. Virchows Arch 445:621–630

Yasuda H, Shima N, Nakagawa N, Yamaguchi K, Kinosaki M, Mochizuki S, Tomoyasu A, Yano K, Goto M, Murakami A, Tsuda E, Morinaga T, Higashio K, Udagawa N, Takahashi N, Suda T (1998) Osteoclast differentiation factor is a ligand for osteoprotegerin/osteoclastogenesis-inhibitory factor and is identical to TRANCE/RANKL. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 95:3597–3602

Zheng MH, Fan Y, Panicker A, Smith A, Robertson T, Wysocki S, Robbins P, Papadimitriou JM, Wood DJ (1995) Detection of mRNAs for urokinase-type plasminogen activator, its receptor, and type 1 inhibitor in giant cell tumors of bone with in situ hybridization. Am J Pathol 147:1559–1566

Zhu XL, Hartwick W, Rohan T, Kandel R (1998) Cyclin D1 gene amplification and protein expression in benign breast disease and breast carcinoma. Mod Pathol 11:1082–1088