Genomic evidence for rod monochromacy in sloths and armadillos suggests early subterranean history for Xenarthra

Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences - Tập 282 Số 1800 - Trang 20142192 - 2015
Christopher A. Emerling1, Mark S. Springer1
1Department of Biology, University of California – Riverside, 900 University Avenue, Riverside CA 92521, USA

Tóm tắt

Rod monochromacy is a rare condition in vertebrates characterized by the absence of cone photoreceptor cells. The resulting phenotype is colourblindness and low acuity vision in dim-light and blindness in bright-light conditions. Early reports of xenarthrans (armadillos, sloths and anteaters) suggest that they are rod monochromats, but this has not been tested with genomic data. We searched the genomes ofDasypus novemcinctus(nine-banded armadillo),Choloepus hoffmanni(Hoffmann's two-toed sloth) andMylodon darwinii(extinct ground sloth) for retinal photoreceptor genes and examined them for inactivating mutations. We performed PCR and Sanger sequencing on cone phototransduction genes of 10 additional xenarthrans to test for shared inactivating mutations and estimated the timing of inactivation for photoreceptor pseudogenes. We concluded that a stem xenarthran became an long-wavelength sensitive-cone monochromat following a missense mutation at a critical residue inSWS1, and a stem cingulate (armadillos, glyptodonts and pampatheres) and stem pilosan (sloths and anteaters) independently acquired rod monochromacy early in their evolutionary history following the inactivation ofLWSandPDE6C, respectively. We hypothesize that rod monochromacy in armadillos and pilosans evolved as an adaptation to a subterranean habitat in the early history of Xenarthra. The presence of rod monochromacy has major implications for understanding xenarthran behavioural ecology and evolution.

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Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences

Tập 282 Số 1800

20142192

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