Genetic essentialism: The mediating role of essentialist biases on the relationship between genetic knowledge and the interpretations of genetic information

Aivelo, 2015, Genetic determinism in the Finnish upper secondary school biology textbooks. Nord, Stud. Sci. Educ., 11, 139 Ashida, 2011, Age differences in genetic knowledge, health literacy and causal beliefs for health conditions, Public Health Genomics, 14, 307, 10.1159/000316234 Borzekowski, 2014, The Angelina effect: immediate reach, grasp, and impact of going public, Genet. Med., 16, 516, 10.1038/gim.2013.181 Bowling, 2008, Development and evaluation of a genetics literacy assessment instrument for undergraduates, Genetics, 178, 15, 10.1534/genetics.107.079533 Carver, 2017, Young adults' belief in genetic determinism, and knowledge and attitudes towards modern genetics and genomics: the PUGGS Questionnaire, PloS One, 12, 10.1371/journal.pone.0169808 Caspi, 2002, Role of genotype in the cycle of violence in maltreated children, Science 84, 297, 851, 10.1126/science.1072290 Castéra, 2014, Teachers' conceptions about the genetic determinism of human behaviour: a survey in 23 countries, Sci. Educ., 23, 417, 10.1007/s11191-012-9494-0 Chabris, 2015, The fourth law of behavior genetics, Curr. Dir. Psychol. Sci., 24, 304, 10.1177/0963721415580430 Chapman, 2018, New literacy challenge for the twenty-first century: genetic knowledge is poor even among well educated, J. Community Genet., 1–12 Cheung, 2014, Am I my genes? Perceived genetic etiology, intrapersonal processes, and health, Soc. Pers. Psychol. Compass, 8, 626, 10.1111/spc3.12138 Christensen, 2010, Understandings of basic genetics in the United States: results from a national survey of black and white men and women, Public Health Genomics, 13, 467, 10.1159/000293287 Condit, 1998, Determinism and mass-media portrayals of genetics, Am. J. Hum. Genet., 62, 979, 10.1086/301784 Conrad, 1997, Public eyes and private genes: historical frames, news constructions, and social problems, Soc. Probl., 44, 139, 10.2307/3096939 Dar-Nimrod, 2012, Postgenomics and genetic essentialism, Behav. Brain Sci., 35, 362, 10.1017/S0140525X12000982 Dar-Nimrod, 2014, Can merely learning about obesity genes affect eating behavior?, Appetite, 81, 269, 10.1016/j.appet.2014.06.109 Dar-Nimrod, 2011, Genetic essentialism: on the deceptive determinism of DNA, Psychol. Bull., 137, 800, 10.1037/a0021860 Dar-Nimrod, 2018, Genetic knowledge within a national Australian sample: comparisons with other diverse populations, Public Health Genomics, 21, 133, 10.1159/000496381 Dar-Nimrod, 2013, The effects of learning about one's own genetic susceptibility to alcoholism: a randomized experiment, Genet. Med., 15, 132, 10.1038/gim.2012.111 Davison, 1992, The limits of lifestyle: re-assessing “fatalism” in the popular culture of illness prevention, Soc. Sci. Med., 34, 675, 10.1016/0277-9536(92)90195-V Donovan, 2014, Playing with fire? The impact of the hidden curriculum in school genetics on essentialist conceptions of race, J. Res. Sci. Teach., 51, 462, 10.1002/tea.21138 Donovan, 2020, Genomics literacy matters: Supporting the development of genomics literacy through genetics education could reduce the prevalence of genetic essentialism, J. Res. Sci. Teach., 10.1002/tea.21670 Dougherty, 2009, Closing the gap: inverting the genetics curriculum to ensure an informed public, Am. J. Hum. Genet., 85, 6, 10.1016/j.ajhg.2009.05.010 Dougherty, 2014, The critical challenge of educating the public about genetics, Curr. Genet. Med. Rep., 2, 48, 10.1007/s40142-014-0037-7 Frankena, 1939, IV. The naturalistic fallacy, Mind, 48, 464, 10.1093/mind/XLVIII.192.464 Gericke, 2013, Upper secondary students' understanding of the use of multiple models in biology textbooks—the importance of conceptual variation and incommensurability, Res. Sci. Educ., 43, 755, 10.1007/s11165-012-9288-z Gray, 2016, Oncologists' and cancer patients' views on whole-exome sequencing and incidental findings: results from the CanSeq study, Genet. Med., 18, 1011, 10.1038/gim.2015.207 Guo, 2008, Gene by social context interactions for number of sexual partners among white male youths: genetics-informed sociology, Am. J. Sociol., 114, S36, 10.1086/592207 Hayes, 2012, PROCESS: a versatile computational tool for observed variable mediation, moderation, and conditional process modeling, White Pap Heine, 2017 Heine, 2017, Essentially biased: why people are fatalistic about gtenes, Adv. Exp. Soc. Psychol., 55, 137, 10.1016/bs.aesp.2016.10.003 Ideker, 2001, A new approach to decoding life: systems biology, Annu. Rev. Genom. Hum. Genet., 2, 343, 10.1146/annurev.genom.2.1.343 International Schizophrenia Consortium, 2009, Common polygenic variation contributes to risk of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, Nature, 460, 748, 10.1038/nature08185 Jablonka, 2006, The evolution of information in the major transitions, J. Theor. Biol., 239, 236, 10.1016/j.jtbi.2005.08.038 Jallinoja, 1999, Knowledge about genes and heredity among Finns, New Genet. Soc., 18, 101, 10.1080/14636779908656892 Jocklin, 1996, Personality and divorce: a genetic analysis, J. Pers. Soc. Psychol., 71, 288, 10.1037/0022-3514.71.2.288 Johnson, 2013, The dark side of the boon? Credibility, selective exposure and the proliferation of online sources of political information, Comput. Hum. Behav., 29, 1862, 10.1016/j.chb.2013.02.011 Kamenova, 2014, Angelina Jolie's faulty gene: newspaper coverage of a celebrity's preventive bilateral mastectomy in Canada, the United States, and the United Kingdom, Genet. Med., 16, 522, 10.1038/gim.2013.199 Keller, 2005, In genes we trust: the biological component of psychological essentialism and its relationship to mechanisms of motivated social cognition, J. Pers. Soc. Psychol., 88, 686, 10.1037/0022-3514.88.4.686 Kendler, 2005, “A gene for…”: the nature of gene action in psychiatric disorders, Am. J. Psychiatr., 162, 1243, 10.1176/appi.ajp.162.7.1243 Kendler, 2005, The interaction of stressful life events and a serotonin transporter polymorphism in the prediction of episodes of major depression, Arch. Gen. Psychiatr., 62, 529, 10.1001/archpsyc.62.5.529 Kendler, 2000, Tobacco consumption in Swedish twins reared apart and reared together, Prim. Care Companion J. Clin. Psychiatry, 2, 185 Knobloch-Westerwick, 2015, Confirmation bias in online searches: impacts of selective exposure before an election on political attitude strength and shifts, J. Comput. Commun., 20, 171 Lanie, 2004, Exploring the public understanding of basic genetic concepts, J. Genet. Counsel., 13, 305, 10.1023/B:JOGC.0000035524.66944.6d Lebowitz, 2014, Effects of biological explanations for mental disorders on clinicians' empathy, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. Unit. States Am., 111, 17786, 10.1073/pnas.1414058111 Lebowitz, 2013, Fixable or fate? Perceptions of the biology of depression, J. Consult. Clin. Psychol., 81, 518, 10.1037/a0031730 Lewis, 2013, Common genetic influences underpin religiosity, community integration, and existential uncertainty, J. Res. Pers., 47, 398, 10.1016/j.jrp.2013.03.009 Lewis, 2004, Traits, genes, particles and information: re-visiting students' understandings of genetics, Int. J. Sci. Educ. INT. J. SCI. EDUC, 6, 195, 10.1080/0950069032000072782 Lynch, 2019, Causal reasoning about human behavior genetics: synthesis and future directions, Behav. Genet., 49, 221, 10.1007/s10519-018-9909-z Mallinckrodt, 2006, Advances in testing the statistical significance of mediation effects, J. Counsel. Psychol., 53, 372, 10.1037/0022-0167.53.3.372 Marteau, 2010, Effects of communicating DNA-based disease risk estimates on risk-reducing behaviours, Cochrane Database Syst. Rev., 10 McBride, 2010, The behavioural response to personalized genetic information: will genetic risk profiles motivate individuals and families to choose more healthful behaviors?, Annu. Rev. Publ. Health, 31, 89, 10.1146/annurev.publhealth.012809.103532 McVay, 2016, Genetic causal attributions for weight status and weight loss during a behavioral weight gain prevention intervention, Genet. Med., 18, 476, 10.1038/gim.2015.109 Molster, 2009, Australian study on public knowledge of human genetics and health, Public Health Genomics, 12, 84, 10.1159/000164684 Moore, 2013, Current thinking about nature and nurture, 629 Nelkin, 2004 Nickerson, 1998, Confirmation bias: a ubiquitous phenomenon in many guises, Rev. Gen. Psychol., 2, 175, 10.1037/1089-2680.2.2.175 Nunnally, 1978, Assessment of reliability, 245 Parrott, 2004, Deriving lay models of uncertainty about genes' role in illness causation to guide communication about human genetics, J. Commun., 54, 105, 10.1111/j.1460-2466.2004.tb02616.x Parrott, 2005, Development and validation of tools to assess genetic discrimination and genetically based racism, J. Natl. Med. Assoc., 97, 980 Reydon, 2012, Genetics, genomics and society: the responsibilities of scientists for science communication and education, Per. Med., 9, 633, 10.2217/pme.12.69 Rini, 2019, Genomic knowledge in the contextstic exome sequencing: changes over time, persistent subgroup differences, and associations with psychological sequencing outcomes, Genet. Med., 10.1038/s41436-019-0622-y Shostak, 2009, The Politics of the gene: social status and beliefs about genetics for individual outcomes, Soc. Psychol. Q., 72, 77, 10.1177/019027250907200107 Singer, 2007, Beliefs about genes and environment as determinants of behavaioural Characteristics, Int. J. Publ. Opin. Res., 19, 331, 10.1093/ijpor/edm016 Singer, 1998, Trends: genetic testing, engineering, and therapy: awareness and attitudes, Publ. Opin. Q., 62, 633, 10.1086/297864 Stoltenberg, 2000, Recent progress in psychiatric genetics-some hope but no hype, Hum. Mol. Genet., 9, 927, 10.1093/hmg/9.6.927 Tesser, 1993, The importance of heritability in psychological research: the case of attitudes, Psychol. Rev., 100, 129, 10.1037/0033-295X.100.1.129 Turkheimer, 2000, Three laws of behavior genetics and what they mean, Curr. Dir. Psychol. Sci., 9, 160, 10.1111/1467-8721.00084 Turkheimer, 1998, Heritability and biological explanation, Psychol. Rev., 105, 782, 10.1037/0033-295X.105.4.782-791 Turnwald, 2019, Learning one's genetic risk changes physiology independent of actual genetic risk, Nat. Hum. Behav., 3, 48, 10.1038/s41562-018-0483-4 Westerwick, 2017, Confirmation biases in selective exposure to political online information: source bias vs. content bias, Commun. Monogr., 84, 343, 10.1080/03637751.2016.1272761 Yaylac, 2019, Measuring racial essentialism in the genomic era : the genetic essentialism scale for race (GESR ), Curr. Psychol., 1–15