Gene-modified dendritic cells for immunotherapy against cancer
Tóm tắt
Dendritic cells (DCs) are described as professional antigen-presenting cells because of their superior T-cell stimulatory capacity. For this reason, attention is being focused on using DCs for clinical applications to treat cancer patients. Although preclinical studies are promising, the majority of clinical studies with DCs have not fulfilled the expectations, yet. The field of DC biology has progressed rapidly over the past years, leading to several options for the improvement of vaccination. Among the different parameters to investigate, this review focuses on the efficiency and biological and functional consequences of different gene transfer methods into different subsets of human DCs. Another important consideration for DC-based vaccination is the elucidation of the role of maturation and apoptosis during DC differentiation.
Tài liệu tham khảo
Lichtenstein, A.K., Berek, J. and Zighelboim, J. (1985). Natural killer inhibitory substance produced by the peritoneal cells of patients with ovarian cancer. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 74(2):349–355.
Sheid, B. and Boyce, J. (1984). Inhibition of lymphocyte mitogenesis by factor(s) released from macrophages isolated from ascitic fluid of advanced ovarian cancer patients. Cancer Immunol. Immunother. 17(3):190–194.
Taylor, G.M., Fergusson, W.D. and Harris, R. (1979). Suppression of lymphoproliferative responses to alloantigens by autologous AML cells. Clin. Exp. Immunol. 35(1):53–61.
Hess, A.D., Gall, S.A. and Dawson, J.R. (1980). Inhibition of human lymphoblastoid cell line proliferation by ascites fluids from ovarian cancer patients. Cancer Res. 40(12):4495–4500.
de Visser, K.E. and Kast, W.M. (1999). Effects of TGF-beta on the immune system: implications for cancer immunotherapy. Leukemia 13(8):1188–1199.
Leitlein, J., et al. (2001). Processing of immunosuppressive pro-TGF-beta 1,2 by human glioblastoma cells involves cytoplasmic and secreted furin-like proteases. J. Immunol. 166(12):7238–7243.
Seo, N., Hayakawa, S., Takigawa, M. and Tokura, Y. (2001). Interleukin-10 expressed at early tumour sites induces subsequent generation of CD4(+) T-regulatory cells and systemic collapse of antitumour immunity. Immunology 103(4):449–457.
Seo, N., Tokura, Y., Takigawa, M. and Egawa, K. (1999). Depletion of IL-10- and TGF-beta-producing regulatory gamma delta T cells by administering a daunomycin-conjugated specific monoclonal antibody in early tumor lesions augments the activity of CTLs and NK cells. J. Immunol. 163(1):242–249.
Chen, Q., Daniel, V., Maher, D.W. and Hersey, P. (1994). Production of IL-10 by melanoma cells: examination of its role in immunosuppression mediated by melanoma. Int. J. Cancer 56(5):755–760.
Plescia, O.J., Smith, A.H. and Grinwich, K. (1975). Subversion of immune system by tumor cells and role of prostaglandins. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 72(5):1848–1851.
Droller, M.J., Lindgren, J.A., Claessen, H.E. and Perlmann, P. (1979). Production of prostaglandin E2 by bladder tumor cells in tissue culture and a possible mechanism of lymphocyte inhibition. Cell Immunol. 47(2):261–273.
Gabrilovich, D.I., et al. (1996). Production of vascular endothelial growth factor by human tumors inhibits the functional maturation of dendritic cells. Nat. Med. 2(10):1096–1103.
Bonfanti, A., et al. (2000). Changes in circulating dendritic cells and IL-12 in relation to the angiogenic factor VEGF during IL-2 immunotherapy of metastatic renal cell cancer. Int. J. Biol. Markers 15(2):161–164.
Kono, K., et al. (1996). Hydrogen peroxide secreted by tumor-derived macrophages down-modulates signal-transducing zeta molecules and inhibits tumor-specific T cell- and natural killer cell-mediated cytotoxicity. Eur. J. Immunol. 26(6):1308–1313.
Bennett, M.W., et al. (1998). The Fas counterattack in vivo: apoptotic depletion of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes associated with Fas ligand expression by human esophageal carcinoma. J. Immunol. 160(11):5669–5675.
O’Connell, J., et al. (1999). The Fas counterattack: cancer as a site of immune privilege. Immunol. Today 20(1):46–52.
O’Connell, J., et al. (1999). Fas counter-attack—the best form of tumor defense? Nat. Med. 5(3):267–268.
O’Connell, J., et al. (1999). Expression of Fas (CD95/APO-1) ligand by human breast cancers: significance for tumor immune privilege. Clin. Diagn. Lab. Immunol. 6(4):457–463.
Krishnaraj, R., Lengle, E.E. and Kemp, R.G. (1982). Murine leukemia. Proposed role for gangliosides in immune suppression. Eur. J. Cancer Clin. Oncol. 18(1):89–98.
Floutsis, G., Ulsh, L. and Ladisch, S. (1989). Immunosuppressive activity of human neuroblastoma tumor gangliosides. Int. J. Cancer 43(1):6–9.
Whiteside, T.L., et al. (1993). Generation and characterization of ex vivo propagated autologous CD8+ cells used for adoptive immunotherapy of patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus. Blood 81(8):2085–2092.
Chang, A.E., et al. (1993). Clinical observations on adoptive immunotherapy with vaccine-primed T-lymphocytes secondarily sensitized to tumor in vitro. Cancer Res. 53(5):1043–1050.
Merchant, R.E., Baldwin, N.G., Rice, C.D. and Bear, H.D. (1997). Adoptive immunotherapy of malignant glioma using tumor-sensitized T lymphocytes. Neurol. Res. 19(2):145–152.
Banchereau, J. (1997). Dendritic cells: therapeutic potentials. Transfus. Sci. 18(2):313–326.
Banchereau, J. and Steinman, R.M. (1998). Dendritic cells and the control of immunity. Nature 392(6673):245–252.
Steinman, R.M. (1991). The dendritic cell system and its role in immunogenicity. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 9:271–296.
Steinman, R.M. (1996). Dendritic cells and immune-based therapies. Exp. Hematol. 24(8):859–862.
Fong, L. and Engleman, E.G. (2000). Dendritic cells in cancer immunotherapy. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 18:245–245.
Gilboa, E. (1998). Immunotherapy of cancer with DC-based vaccines. Cancer Immunol. Immunother. 46:82–87.
Sato, K., Nagayama, H. and Takahashi, T.A. (1998). Generation of dendritic cells from fresh and frozen cord blood CD34+ cells. Cryobiology 37(4):362–371.
Timares, L. (1998). Quantitative analysis of the immunopotency of genetically transfected DC. PNAS 95:13,147–13,152.
Thurner, B., et al. (1999). Generation of large numbers of fully mature and stable dendritic cells from leukapheresis products for clinical application. J. Immunol. Methods 223(1):1–15.
Inaba, K., et al. (1990). Dendritic cells as antigen presenting cells in vivo. Int. Rev. Immunol. 6(2–3):197–206.
Steinman, R. and Inaba, K. (1989). Immunogenicity: role of dendritic cells. BioEssays 10(5):145–152.
Akbari, O., DeKruyff, R.H. and Umetsu, D.T. (2001). Pulmonary dendritic cells producing IL-10 mediate tolerance induced by respiratory exposure to antigen. Nat. Immunol. 2(8):725–731.
Jonuleit, H., Schmitt, E., Steinbrink, K. and Enk, A.H. (2001). Dendritic cells as a tool to induce anergic and regulatory T cells. Trends Immunol. 22(7):394–400.
Roncarolo, M.G., Levings, M.K. and Traversari, C. (2001). Differentiation of T regulatory cells by immature dendritic cells. J. Exp. Med. 193(2):F5-F9.
Quaratino, S., Duddy, L.P. and Londei, M. (2000). Fully competent dendritic cells as inducers of T cell anergy in autoimmunity. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 97(20):10,911–10,916.
Satthaporn, S. and Eremin, O. (2001). Dendritic cells (I): biological functions. J. R. Coll. Surg. (Edinb.) 46(1):9–19.
Rovere, P., Fazzini, F., Sabbadini, M.G. and Manfredi, A.A. (2000). Apoptosis and systemic autoimmunity: the dendritic cell connection. Eur. J. Histochem. 44(3):229–236.
Steptoe, R.J. and Thomson, A.W. (1996). Dendritic cells and tolerance induction. Clin. Exp. Immunol. 105(3):397–402.
Ludewig, B., et al. (1999). Role of dendritic cells in the induction and maintenance of autoimmune diseases. Immunol. Rev. 169:45–54.
Howard, C.J., et al. (1999). Dendritic cells in cattle: phenotype and function. Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol. 72(1–2):119–124.
de Baey, A. and Lanzavecchia, A. (2000). The role of aquaporins in dendritic cell macropinocytosis. J. Exp. Med. 191(4):743–748.
Engering, A.J., et al. (1997). Mannose receptor mediated antigen uptake and presentation in human dendritic cells. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 417:183–187.
Albert, M.L., et al. (1998). Immature dendritic cells phagocytose apoptotic cells via alphavbeta5 and CD36, and cross-present antigens to cytotoxic T lymphocytes. J. Exp. Med. 188(7):1359–1368.
Thiele, L., et al. (2001). Evaluation of particle uptake in human blood monocyte-derived cells in vitro. Does phagocytosis activity of dendritic cells measure up with macrophages? J Control Release 76(1–2):59–71.
Reis e Sousa, C., Stahl, P.D. and Austyn, J.M. (1993). Phagocytosis of antigens by Langerhans cells in vitro. J. Exp. Med. 178(2):509–519.
Lanzavecchia, A. (1996). Mechanisms of antigen uptake for presentation. Curr. Opin. Immunol. 8(3):348–354.
Larsson, M., et al. (1997). Role of annexins in endocytosis of antigens in immature human dendritic cells. Immunology 92(4):501–511.
Vidalain, P.O., et al. (2001). Cytotoxic activity of human dendritic cells is differentially regulated by double-stranded rna and cd40 ligand. J. Immunol. 167(7):3765–3772.
Lanzavecchia, A. (1999). Dendritic cell maturation and generation of immune responses. Haematologica 84:23–25.
Cella, M., et al. (1999). Maturation, activation, and protection of dendritic cells induced by double-stranded RNA. J. Exp. Med. 189(5):821–829.
Bauer, M., et al. (2001). Bacterial CpG-DNA triggers activation and maturation of human CD11c−, CD123+ Dendritic cells. J. Immunol. 166(8):5000–5007.
Askew, D., Chu, R.S., Krieg, A.M. and Harding, C.V. (2000). CpG DNA induces maturation of dendritic cells with distinct effects on nascent and recycling MHC-II antigen-processing mechanisms. J. Immunol. 165(12):6889–6895.
Kadowaki, N., Antonenko, S. and Liu, Y.J. (2001). Distinct CpG DNA and polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid double-stranded RNA, respectively, stimulate CD11c− type 2 dendritic cell precursors and CD11c+ dendritic cells to produce type I IFN. J. Immunol. 166(4):2291–2295.
Kaisho, T. and Akira, S. (2001). Dendritic-cell function in Toll-like receptor- and MyD88− knockout mice. Trends Immunol. 22(2):78–83.
Hemmi, H., et al. (2000). A Toll-like receptor recognizes bacterial DNA. Nature 408(6813):740–745.
Radvanyi, L.G., Banerjee, A., Weir, M. and Messner, H. (1999). Low levels of interferon-alpha induce CD86 (B7.2) expression and accelerates dendritic cell maturation from human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Scand. J. Immunol. 50(5):499–509.
Shibuya, K., et al. IL-1 alpha and TNF-alpha are required for IL-12-induced development of Th1 cells producing high levels of IFN-gamma in BALB/c but not C57BL/6 mice. J. Immunol. 160(4):1708–1716.
Brunner, C., et al. (2000). Enhanced dendritic cell maturation by TNF-alpha or cytidine-phosphate-guanosine DNA drives T cell activation in vitro and therapeutic anti-tumor immune responses in vivo. J. Immunol. 165(11):6278–6286.
Lyakh, L.A., et al. (2000). Bacterial lipopolysaccharide, TNF-alpha, and calcium ionophore under serum-free conditions promote rapid dendritic cell-like differentiation in CD14+ monocytes through distinct pathways that activate NK-kappa B. J. Immunol. 165(7):3647–3655.
Pickl, W.F., et al. (1996). Molecular and functional characteristics of dendritic cells generated from highly purified CD14+ peripheral blood monocytes. J. Immunol. 157(9):3850–3859.
Inaba, K., et al. (2000). The formation of immunogenic major histocompatibility complex class II-peptide ligands in lysosomal compartments of dendritic cells is regulated by inflammatory stimuli. J. Exp. Med. 191(6):927–936.
Turley, S.J., et al. (2000). Transport of peptide-MHC class II complexes in developing dendritic cells. Science 288(5465):522–527.
Macagno, A., et al. (1999). Dendritic cells up-regulate immunoproteasomes and the proteasome regulator PA28 during maturation. Eur. J. Immunol. 29(12):4037–4042.
Morel, S., et al. (2000). Processing of some antigens by the standard proteasome but not by the immunoproteasome results in poor presentation by dendritic cells. Immunity 12(1):107–117.
Randolph, G.J. (2001). Dendritic cell migration to lymph nodes: cytokines, chemokines, and lipid mediators. Semin. Immunol. 13(5):267–274.
Wan, Y. and Bramson, J. (2001). Role of dendritic cell-derived cytokines in immune regulation. Curr. Pharm. Des. 7(11):977–992.
Norbury, C.C., et al. (1997). Constitutive macropinocytosis allows TAP-dependent major histocompatibility complex class I presentation of exogenous soluble antigen by bone marrow-derived dendritic cells. Eur. J. Immunol. 27(1):280–288.
Harding, C.V. (1996). Class I MHC presentation of exogenous antigens. J. Clin. Immunol. 16(2):90–96.
Yewdell, J.W., Norbury, C.C. and Bennink, J.R. (1999). Mechanisms of exogenous antigen presentation by MHC class I molecules in vitro and in vivo: implications for generating CD8+ T cell responses to infectious agents, tumors, transplants, and vaccines. Adv. Immunol. 73:1–77.
Cella, M., et al. (1997). Inflammatory stimuli induce accumulation of MHC class II complexes on dendritic cells. Nature 388(6644):782–787.
Pierre, P., et al. (1997). Localization and intracellular transport of MHC class II molecules in bone marrow-derived dendritic cells. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 417:179–182.
Blumberg, R.S., et al. (1995). Structure and function of the CD1 family of MHC-like cell surface proteins. Immunol. Rev. 147:5–29.
Porcelli, S.A. and Modlin, R.L. (1999). The CD1 system: antigen-presenting molecules for T cell recognition of lipids and glycolipids. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 17:297–329.
Hong, S., et al. (2001). The natural killer T-cell ligand alpha-galactosylceramide prevents autoimmune diabetes in non-obese diabetic mice. Nat. Med. 7(9):1052–1056.
Smyth, M.J., et al. (2002). Sequential production of interferon-gamma by NK1.1(+) T cells and natural killer cells is essential for the antimetastatic effect of alpha-galactosylceramide. Blood 99(4):1259–1266.
Pulendran, B., Banchereau, J., Maraskovsky, E. and Maliszewski, C. (2001). Modulating the immune response with dendritic cells and their growth factors. Trends Immunol. 22(1):41–47.
Strunk, D., et al. (1997). A skin homing molecule defines the langerhans cell progenitor in human peripheral blood. J. Exp. Med. 185(6):1131–1136.
Ito, T., et al. (1999). A CD1a+/CD11c+ subset of human blood dendritic cells is a direct precursor of Langerhans cells. J. Immunol. 163(3):1409–1419.
Caux, C., et al. (1997). CD34+ hematopoietic progenitors from human cord blood differentiate along two independent dendritic cell pathways in response to granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor plus tumor necrosis factor alpha: II. Functional analysis. Blood 90(4):1458–1470.
Fayette, J., et al. (1998). Dendritic cells enhance the differentiation of naive B cells into plasma cells in vitro. Scand. J. Immunol. 48(6):563–570.
Liu, Y.J., Kanzler, H., Soumelis, V. and Gilliet, M. (2001). Dendritic cell lineage, plasticity and cross-regulation. Nat. Immunol. 2(7):585–589.
Shortman, K. (2000). Burnet oration: dendritic cells: multiple subtypes, multiple origins, multiple functions. Immunol. Cell. Biol. 78(2):161–165.
Rissoan, M.C., et al. (1999). Reciprocal control of T helper cell and dendritic cell differentiation. Science 283(5405):1183–1186.
Dustin, M.L. and Cooper, J.A. (2000). The immunological synapse and the actin cytoskeleton: molecular hardware for T cell signaling. Nat. Immunol. 1(1):23–29.
Lanzavecchia, A. and Sallusto, F. (2001). Antigen decoding by T lymphocytes: from synapses to fate determination. Nat. Immunol. 2(6):487–492.
Lanzavecchia, A. and Sallusto, F. (2000). From synapses to immunological memory: the role of sustained T cell stimulation. Curr. Opin. Immunol. 12(1):92–98.
Kalinski, P., Hilkens, C.M., Wierenga, E.A. and Kapsenberg, M.L. (1999). T-cell priming by type-1 and type-2 polarized dendritic cells: the concept of a third signal. Immunol. Today 20(12):561–567.
Josien, R., et al. (1999). TRANCE, a TNF family member, is differentially expressed on T cell subsets and induces cytokine production in dendritic cells. J. Immunol. 162(5):2562–2568.
Bachmann, M.F., et al. (1999). TRANCE, a tumor necrosis factor family member critical for CD40 ligand-independent T helper cell activation. J. Exp. Med. 189(7):1025–1031.
Stuber, E., Strober, W. and Neurath, M. (1996). Blocking the CD40L-CD40 interaction in vivo specifically prevents the priming of T helper 1 cells through the inhibition of interleukin 12 secretion. J. Exp. Med. 183(2):693–698.
Steinbrink, K., et al. (1997). Induction of tolerance by IL-10-treated dendritic cells. J. Immunol. 159(10):4772–4780.
Taams, L.S., van Eden, W. and Wauben, M.H. (1999). Antigen presentation by T cells versus professional antigen-presenting cells (APC): differential consequences for T cell activation and subsequent T cell-APC interactions. Eur. J. Immunol. 29(5):1543–1550.
Frasca, L., Carmichael, P., Lechler, R. and Lombardi, G. (1997). Anergic T cells effect linked suppression. Eur. J. Immunol. 27(12):3191–3197.
Woods, G.M., et al. (2000). Carcinogen-modified dendritic cells induce immunosuppression by incomplete T-cell activation resulting from impaired antigen uptake and reduced CD86 expression. Immunology 99(1):16–22.
Vendetti, S., et al. (2000). Anergic T cells inhibit the antigen-presenting function of dendritic cells. J. Immunol. 165(3):1175–1181.
Alexopoulou, L., Holt, A.C., Medzhitov, R. and Flavell, R.A. (2001). Recognition of double-stranded RNA and activation of NF-kappaB by Toll-like receptor 3. Nature 413(6857):732–738.
Tortorella, D., et al. (2000). Viral subversion of the immune system. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 18:861–926.
Maksymowych, W.P. and Kane, K.P. (2000). Bacterial modulation of antigen processing and presentation. Microbes Infect. 2(2):199–211.
Makino, M., et al. (2000). Production of functionally deficient dendritic cells from HTLV-I-infected monocytes: implications for the dendritic cells defect in adult T cell leukemia. Virology 274(1):140–148.
Hirata, Y., Kondo, K. and Yamanishi, K. (2001). Human herpesvirus 6 downregulates major histocompatibility complex class I in dendritic cells. J. Med. Virol. 65(3):576–583.
Engelmayer, J., et al. (1999). Vaccinia virus inhibits the maturation of human dendritic cells: a novel mechanism of immune evasion. J. Immunol. 163(12):6762–6768.
Plotnicky-Gilquin, H., et al. (2001). Differential effects of parainfluenza virus type 3 on human monocytes and dendritic cells. Virology 285(1):82–90.
Salio, M., Cella, M., Suter, M. and Lanzavecchia, A. (1999). Inhibition of dendritic cell maturation by herpes simplex virus. Eur. J. Immunol. 29(10):3245–3253.
Chang, D.C. (1997). Experimental strategies in efficient transfection of mammalian cells. Electroporation. Methods Mol. Biol. 62:307–318.
Keating, A. and Toneguzzo, F. (1990). Gene transfer by electroporation: a model for gene therapy. Prog. Clin. Biol. Res. 333:491–498.
Potter, H., Weir, L. and Leder, P. (1984). Enhancer-dependent expression of human kappa immunoglobulin genes introduced into mouse pre-B lymphocytes by electroporation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 81(22):7161–7165.
Toneguzzo, F. and Keating, A. (1986). Stable expression of selectable genes introduced into human hematopoietic stem cells by electric field-mediated DNA transfer. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 83(10):3496–3499.
Heiser, A., et al. (2000). Human dendritic cells transfected with RNA encoding prostate-specific antigen stimulate prostate-specific CTL responses in vitro. J. Immunol. 164(10):5508–5514.
Boczkowski, D., et al. (2000). Induction of tumor immunity and cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses using dendritic cells transfected with messenger RNA amplified from tumor cells. Cancer Res. 60(4):1028–1034.
Lindquist et al. J. Immunother., in press.
Anderson, W.F. (1998). Human gene therapy. Nature 392(6679 Suppl.):25–30.
Miller, A.D. (1992). Retroviral vectors. Curr. Topics Microbiol. Immunol. 158:1–24.
Movassagh, M., et al. (1999). High level of retrovirus-mediated gene transfer into dendritic cells derived from cord blood and mobilized peripheral blood CD34+ cells. Hum. Gene Ther. 10(2):175–187.
Reeves, M.E., et al. (1996). Retroviral transduction of human dendritic cells with a tumor-associated antigen gene. Cancer Res. 54(24):5672–5677.
Henderson, R.A., et al. (1996). Human dendritic cells genetically engineered to express high levels of the human epithelial tumor antigen mucin (MUC-1). Cancer Res. 56(16):3763–3770.
Dietz, A.B. and Vuk-Pavlovic, S. (1998). High efficiency adenovirus-mediated gene transfer to human dendritic cells. Blood 91(2):392–398.
Zhong, L., Granelli-Piperno, A., Choi, Y. and Steinman, R.M. (1999). Recombinant adenovirus is an efficient and non-perturbing genetic vector for human dendritic cells. Eur. J. Immunol. 29(3):964–972.
Arthur, J.F., et al. (1997). A comparison of gene transfer methods in human dendritic cells. Cancer Gene Ther. 4(1):17–25.
Van Tendeloo, V.F., et al. (1998). Nonviral transfection of distinct types of human dendritic cells: high-efficiency gene transfer by electroporation into hematopoietic progenitor—but not monocyte-derived dendritic cells. Gene Ther. 5(5):700–707.
Miller, D.G., Adam, M.A. and Miller, A.D. (1990). Gene transfer by retrovirus vectors occurs only in cells that are actively replicating at the time of infection. Mol. Cell. Biol. 10(8):4239–4242.
Flanagan, J.R., et al. (1992). Cloning of a negative transcription factor that binds to the upstream conserved region of Moloney murine leukemia virus. Mol. Cell. Biol. 12(1):38–44.
Challita, P.M. and Kohn, D.B. (1994). Lack of expression from a retroviral vector after transduction of murine hematopoietic stem cells is associated with methylation in vivo. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91(7):2567–2571.
Verma, I.M. and Naviaux, R.K. (1991). Human gene therapy. Curr. Opin. Genet. Dev. 1(1):54–59.
Smith, K.T., Shepherd, A.J., Boyd, J.E. and Lees, G.M. (1996). Gene delivery systems for use in gene therapy: an overview of quality assurance and safety issues. Gene Ther. 3(3):190–200.
Wang, Q. and Finer, M.H. (1996). Second-generation adenovirus vectors. Nat. Med. 2(6):714–716.
Perez-Diez, A., et al. (1998). Generation of CD8+ and CD4+ T-cell response to dendritic cells genetically engineered to express the MART-1/Melan-A gene. Cancer Res. 58(23):5305–5309.
Butterfield, L.H., et al. (1998). Generation of melanoma-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes by dendritic cells transduced with a MART-1 adenovirus. J. Immunol. 161(10):5607–5613.
Bregni, M., et al. (1998). Adenovirus vectors for gene transduction into mobilized blood CD34+ cells. Gene Ther. 5(4):465–472.
Tillman, B.W., et al. (1999). Maturation of dendritic cells accompanies high-efficiency gene transfer by a CD40-targeted adenoviral vector. J. Immunol. 162(11):6378–6383.
Rebel, V.I., et al. (2000). Maturation and lineage-specific expression of the coxsackie and adenovirus receptor in hematopoietic cells. Stem Cells 18(3):176–182.
Huang, S., Endo, R.I. and Nemerow, G.R. (1995). Upregulation of integrins alpha v beta 3 and alpha v beta 5 on human monocytes and T lymphocytes facilitates adenovirus-mediated gene delivery. J. Virol. 69(4):2257–2263.
Hidaka, C., et al. (1999). CAR-Dependent and CAR-independent pathways of adenovirus vector-mediated gene transfer and expression in human fibroblasts. J. Clin. Invest. 103(4):579–587.
Nemerow, G.R. and Stewart, P.L. (1999). Role of alpha(v) integrins in adenovirus cell entry and gene delivery. Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev. 63(3):725–734.
Diao, J., et al. (1999). Human PBMC-derived dendritic cells transduced with an adenovirus vectorinduce cytotoxic T-lymphocyte responses against a vector-encoded antigen in vitro. Gene Ther. 6(5):845–853.
Chen, P., Kovesdi, I. and Bruder, J.T. (2000). Effective repeat administration with adenovirus vectors to the muscle. Gene Ther. 7(7):587–595.
Yotnda, P., et al. (2002). Bilamellar cationic liposomes protect adenovectors from preexisting humoral immune responses. Mol. Ther. 5(3):233–241.
David, A., et al. (1998). Anti-adenovirus immune responses in rats are enhanced by interleukin 4 but not interleukin 10 produced by recombinant adenovirus. Hum. Gene Ther. 9(12):1755–1768.
Brossart, P., et al. (1997). Virus-mediated delivery of antigenic epitopes into dendritic cells as a means to induce CTL. J. Immunol. 158(7):3270–3276.
Song, W., et al. (1997). Dendritic cells genetically modified with an adenovirus vector encoding the cDNA for a model antigen induce protective and therapeutic antitumor immunity. J. Exp. Med. 186(8):1247–1256.
Fugier-Vivier, I., et al. (1997). Measles virus suppresses cell-mediated immunity by interfering with the survival and functions of dendritic and T cells. J. Exp. Med. 186(6):813–823.
Drillien, R., Spehner, D., Bohbot, A. and Hanau, D. (2000). Vaccinia virus-related events and phenotypic changes after infection of dendritic cells derived from human monocytes. Virology 268(2):471–481.
Ho, L.J., et al. (2001). Infection of human dendritic cells by dengue virus causes cell maturation and cytokine production. J. Immunol. 166(3):1499–1506.
Rea, D., et al. (1999). Adenoviruses activate human dendritic cells without polarization toward a T-helper type 1-inducing subset. J. Virol. 73(12):10,245–10,253.
Lindquist, et al. Hum. Gene Ther., in press.
Koppi, T.A., et al. (1997). CD40 ligand inhibits Fas/CD95-mediated apoptosis of human blood-derived dendritic cells. Eur. J. Immunol. 27(12):3161–3165.
Willems, F., et al. (2000). Expression of c-FLIP(L) and resistance to CD95-mediated apoptosis of monocyte-derived dendritic cells: inhibition by bisindolylmaleimide. Blood 95(11):3478–3482.
Buelens, C., et al. (1997). Human dendritic cell responses to lipopolysaccharide and CD40 ligation are differentially regulated by interleukin-10. Eur. J. Immunol. 27(8):1848–1852.
Caux, C., et al. (1994). Activation of human dendritic cells through CD40 cross-linking. J. Exp. Med. 180(4):1263–1272.
Lundqvist, A., Nagata, T., Kiessling, R. and Pisa, P. (2002). Mature dendritic cells are protected from Fas/CD95-mediated apoptosis by upregulation of Bcl-X(L). Cancer Immunol. Immunother. 51(3):139–144.
Wong, B.R., et al. (1997). TRANCE (tumor necrosis factor [TNF]-related activation-induced cytokine), a new TNF family member predominantly expressed in T cells, is a dendritic cell-specific survival factor. J. Exp. Med. 186(12):2075–2080.
van Kooten, C. and Banchereau, J. (1997). Functions of CD40 on B cells, dendritic cells and other cells. Curr. Opin. Immunol. 9(3):330–337.
Leverkus, M., et al. (2000). Maturation of dendritic cells leads to up-regulation of cellular FLICE-inhibitory protein and concomitant down-regulation of death ligand-mediated apoptosis. Blood 96(7):2628–2631.
Nicolo, C., Tomassini, B., Rippo, M.R. and Testi, R. (2001). UVB-Induced apoptosis of human dendritic cells: contribution by caspase-dependent and caspase-independent pathways. Blood 97(6):1803–1808.
Rescigno, M., et al. (2000). Fas engagement induces the maturation of dendritic cells (DCs), the release of interleukin (IL)-1beta, and the production of interferon gamma in the absence of IL-12 during DC-T cell cognate interaction: a new role for Fas ligand in inflammatory responses. J. Exp. Med. 192(11):1661–1668.
Schreurs, M.W., et al. (2000). Dendritic cells break tolerance and induce protective immunity against a melanocyte differentiation antigen in an autologous melanoma model. Cancer Res. 60(24):6995–7001.
Grohmann, U., et al. (1997). A tumor-associated and self antigen peptide presented by dendritic cells may induce T cell anergy in vivo, but IL-12 can prevent or revert the anergic state. J. Immunol. 158(8):3593–3602.
Hermans, I.F., Daish, A., Moroni-Rawson, P. and Ronchese, F. (1997). Tumor-peptide-pulsed dendritic cells isolated from spleen or cultured in vitro from bone marrow precursors can provide protection against tumor challenge. Cancer Immunol. Immunother. 44(6):341–347.
Kikuchi, T., Moore, M.A. and Crystal, R.G. (2000). Dendritic cells modified to express CD40 ligand elicit therapeutic immunity against preexisting murine tumors. Blood 96(1):91–99.
Furumoto, K., et al. (2000). Spleen-derived dendritic cells engineered to enhance interleukin-12 production elicit therapeutic antitumor immune responses. Int. J. Cancer 87(5):665–672.
Chen, Y., et al. (2001). Induction of ErbB-2/neu-specific protective and therapeutic antitumor immunity using genetically modified dendritic cells: enhanced efficacy by cotransduction of gene encoding IL-12. Gene Ther. 8(4):316–323.
Tong, Y., Song, W. and Crystal, R.G. (2001). Combined intratumoral injection of bone marrow-derived dendritic cells and systemic chemotherapy to treat pre-existing murine tumors. Cancer Res. 61(20):7530–7535.
Banchereau, J., Pulendran, B., Steinman, R. and Palucka, K. (2000). Will the making of plasmacytoid dendritic cells in vitro help unravel their mysteries? J. Exp. Med. 192(12):F39-F44.
Hsu, F.J., et al. (1996). Vaccination of patients with B-cell lymphoma using autologous antigen-pulsed dendritic cells. Nat. Med. 2(1):52–58.
Nestle, F.O. (1998). Vaccination of melanoma patients with peptide- or tumorlysate-pulsed DC. Nat. Med. 4(3):328.
She, J., Matsui, K., Terhorst, C. and Ju, S.T. (1998). Activation-induced apoptosis of mature T cells is dependent upon the level of surface TCR but not on the presence of the CD3 zeta ITAM. Int. Immunol. 10(11):1733–1740.
Anderson, B.W., et al. (2000). Induction of determinant spreading and of Th1 responses by in vitro stimulation with HER-2 peptides. Cancer Immunol. Immunother. 49(9):459–468.
Banchereau, J., et al. (2001). Immune and clinical responses in patients with metastatic melanoma to CD34(+) progenitor-derived dendritic cell vaccine. Cancer Res. 61(17):6451–6458.
Gilboa, E. (1999). The makings of a tumor rejection antigen. Immunity 11(3):263–270.
Mayordomo, J.I., et al. (1995). Bone marrow-derived dendritic cells pulsed with synthetic tumour peptides elicit protective and therapeutic antitumour immunity. Nat. Med. 1(12):1297–1302.
Holtl, L., et al. (1999). Cellular and humoral immune responses in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma after vaccination with antigen pulsed dendritic cells. J. Urol. 161(3):777–782.
Paglia, P., Chiodoni, C., Rodolfo, M. and Colombo, M.P. (1996). Murine dendritic cells loaded in vitro with soluble protein prime cytotoxic T lymphocytes against tumor antigen in vivo. J. Exp. Med. 183(1):317–322.
Kugler, A., et al. (2000). Regression of human metastatic renal cell carcinoma after vaccination with tumor cell-dendritic cell hybrids. Nat. Med. 6(3):332–336.
Murphy, G.P., et al. (1999). Phase II prostate cancer vaccine trial: report of a study involving 37 patients with disease recurrence following primary treatment. Prostate 39(1):54–59.
Trefzer, U., et al. (2000). Hybrid cell vaccination for cancer immune therapy: first clinical trial with metastatic melanoma. Int. J. Cancer 85(5):618–626.
Jonuleit, H., et al. (2001). A comparison of two types of dendritic cell as adjuvants for the induction of melanomaspecific T-cell responses in humans following intranodal injection. Int. J. Cancer 93(2):243–251.