Gender, professions and public policy: new directions

Emerald - 2008
EllenKuhlmann1, IvyLynn Bourgeault2
1Department of Social and Policy Sciences, University of Bath, Bath, UK
2Department of Health, Ageing and Society/Sociology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada

Tóm tắt

PurposeThis article aims to provide an overview on key trends in public sector policy and professional development and how they intersect with gender and diversity. It seeks to explore new configurations in the relationship between gender and the professions and to develop a matrix for the collection of articles presented in this volume.Design/methodology/approachThe authors link social policy and governance approaches to the study of professions, using the health professions and academics as case studies. Material from a number of studies carried out by the authors together with published secondary sources provide the basis of our analysis; this is followed by an introduction of the scope and structure of this thematic issue.FindingsThe findings underline the significance of public policy as key to better understand gender and diversity in professional groups. The outline of major trends in public sector professions brings into focus both the persistence of gender inequality and the emergence of new lines of gendered divisions in the professions.Practical implicationsThe research presented here highlights a need for new models of public sector management and professional development that are more sensitive to equality and diversity.Originality/valueThis article focuses on the “making” of inequality at the interface of public policy and professional action. It introduces a context sensitive approach that moves beyond equal opportunity policies and managerial accounts and highlights new directions in research and policy.

Từ khóa


Tài liệu tham khảo

Ackers, L. (2004), “Managing relationships in peripatetic careers: scientific mobility in the European Union”, Women's Studies International Forum, Vol. 27 No. 2, pp. 189‐201.

Annandale, E. (1998), The Sociology of Health and Medicine, Polity Press, Cambridge.

Bacchi, C.L. (1999), Women: The Construction of Policy Problems and Politics, Sage, London.

Barnes, M., Newman, J. and Sullivan, H. (2007), Policy, Participation and Political Renewal, The Policy Press, Bristol.

Barry, J., Dent, M. and O'Neill, M. (Eds) (2003), Gender and the Public Sector: Professions and Managerial Change, Routledge, London.

Beagan, B.L. (2000), “Neutralising differences: producing neutral doctors for (almost) neutral patients”, Social Science and Medicine, Vol. 51, pp. 1253‐65.

Beauregard, T.A. (2006), “Are organizations shooting themselves in the foot? Workplace contributors to family‐to‐work conflict”, Equal Opportunities International, Vol. 25 No. 5, pp. 336‐53.

Bendelow, G., Carpenter, M., Vautier, C. and Williams, S. (2002), “Overcoming divisions”, in Bendelow, G., Carpenter, M., Vautier, C. and Williams, S. (Eds), Gender, Health, and Healing. The Public/Private Divide, Routledge, London, pp. 1‐9.

Benoit, C. (1999) “Midwifery and health policy: Equity, workers' rights and consumer choice in Canada and Sweden”, in Hellberg, I., Saks, M. and Benoit, C. (Eds), Professional Identities in Transition: Cross‐cultural Dimensions, Almquist & Wiksell International, Goteborg, pp. 255‐74.

Bertilsson, M. (1990), “The welfare state, the professions and citizens”, in Torstendahl, R. and Burrage, M. (Eds), The Formation of Professions: Knowledge, State and Strategy, Sage, London, pp. 114‐33.

Blättel‐Mink, B. and Kuhlmann, E. (2003), “Health professions, gender and society: introduction and outlook”, International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy, Vol. 23 Nos.4‐5, pp. 1‐21.

Bourgeault, I.L. (2005), “Rationalization of health care and female professional projects”, Knowledge, Work and Society, Vol. 3 No. 1, pp. 25‐52.

Bourgeault, I.L. (2006), Push. The Struggle for Midwifery in Ontario, McGill‐Queen's University Press, Montreal.

Bourgeault, I.L. (2008), “On the move: the migration of physicians and nurses in Canada”, in Singh Bolaria, B. (Ed.), Health, Illness and Health Care in Canada, 4th ed., Thomson Nelson (forthcoming).

Bourgeault, I.L., Benoit, C. and Davies‐Floyd, R. (Eds) (2004), Reconceiving Midwifery, McGill Queen's University Press, Kingston‐Montreal.

Briskin, L. (1999), “Mapping women's organizing in Sweden and Canada: some thematic considerations”, in Briskin, L. and Eliasson, M. (Eds), Women's Organizing and Public Policy in Canada and Sweden, McGill‐Queen's University Press, Montreal, pp. 3‐47.

Burau, V. and Vrangbæk, C. (2008), “Global markets and national pathways of medical re‐regulation”, in Kuhlmann, E. and Saks, M. (Eds), Rethinking Professional Governance: International Directions in Health Care, The Policy Press, Bristol (forthcoming).

Clarke, J. (2004), Changing Welfare, Changing States. New Directions in Social Policy, Sage, London.

Clarke, J. (2005), “Reconstituting Europe: governing a European people?”, in Newman, J. (Ed.), Remaking Governance, The Policy Press, Bristol, pp. 17‐37.

Cotterill, P. and Letherby, G. (2005), “Women in higher education: issues and challenges”, Women's Studies International Forum, Vol. 28 No. 2, pp. 109‐13.

Connell, R.W. (1987), Gender and Power, Allen & Unwin, Sydney.

Council of Europe (1998), Gender Mainstreaming. Conceptual Framework, Methodology and Presentation of Good Practice, Final Report EG‐S‐MS, Council of Europe, Strasbourg.

Cownie, F. (2004), Legal Academics. Culture and Identity, Hart Publishing, Oxford.

Crompton, R. and Le Feuvre, N. (2003), “Continuity and change in the gender segregation of the medical profession in Britain and France”, International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy, Vol. 23 Nos. 4‐5, pp. 36‐58.

Dahle, R. (2006), “Temporary nurses: a gendered, flexible labour force in the Norwegian welfare state”, Knowledge, Work and Society, Vol. 4 No. 1, pp. 83‐103.

Davies, C. (1996), “The sociology of professions and the profession of gender”, Sociology, Vol. 30 No. 4, pp. 661‐78.

Davies, C. (2002), “Registering a difference: changes in the regulation of nursing”, in Allsop, J. and Saks, M. (Eds), Regulating the Health Professions, Sage, London, pp. 94‐107.

Dent, M. (2003), “Gender, welfare regimes and the medical profession in France and Greece”, in Barry, J., Dent, M. and O'Neill, M. (Eds), Gender and the Public Sector. Professional and Managerial Change, Routledge, London, pp. 64‐82.

Di Luzio, G. (2001), “Reorganising gender relations in the German civil sector: administrative reform, the decline of the male breadwinner model and female employment”, German Politics, Vol. 10 No. 3, pp. 159‐90.

(The) Economist (2005), “Sex changes”, The Economist, 2 June.

Ehrenreich, B. and English, D. (1979), For her own Good. 150 Years of Expert Advice to Women, Anchor Press, New York, NY.

ETAN – European Commission Research Directorate‐General (2000), Science Policies in the European Union. Promoting Excellence through Mainstreaming Gender Equality, Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, Luxembourg.

Evetts, J. (2006), “The sociology of professional groups: new directions”, Current Sociology, Vol. 54 No. 1, pp. 133‐43.

Fournier, V. (1999), “The appeal to ‘professionalism’ as a disciplinary mechanism”, Sociological Review, Vol. 47 No. 2, pp. 280‐307.

Haraway, D.J. (1991), Simians, Cyborgs, and Women: The Reinvention of Nature, Routledge, New York, NY.

Henriksson, L., Wrede, S. and Burau, V. (2006), “Understanding professional projects in welfare service work: revival of old professionalism?”, Gender, Work and Organization, Vol. 13 No. 2, pp. 174‐92.

Hobson, B., Lewis, J. and Siim, B. (Eds) (2002), Contested Concepts in Gender and Social Politics, Edward Elgar, Cheltenham.

Husu, L. (2005), “Women's work‐related and family‐related discrimination and support in academia”, Advances in Gender Research, Vol. 9, pp. 161‐99.

Johnson, T. (1995), “Governmentality and the institutionalization of expertise”, in Johnson, T., Larkin, G. and Saks, M. (Eds), Health Professions and the State in Europe, Routledge, London, pp. 7‐24.

Kanter, R. (1977), Men and Women of the Corporation, Basic Books, New York, NY.

Kerfort, D. (2003), “The problematic professional: gender and the transgression of ‘professional’ identity”, in Barry, J., Dent, M. and O'Neill, M. (Eds), Gender and the Public Sector. Professional and Managerial Change, Routledge, London, pp. 189‐217.

Knorr, C. K. (2006), “Knowledge in a knowledge society: five transitions”, Knowledge, Work and Society, Vol. 4 No 3, pp. 23‐41.

Kuhlmann, E. (2001), “The rise of German dental professionalism as a gendered project: how scientific progress and health policy evoked change in gender relations, 1850‐1919”, Medical History, Vol. 45, pp. 441‐60.

Kuhlmann, E. (2003), “Fragile Balancen – professionelle Identitäten, Geschlechterbilder und Gleichstellungspolitik”, in Matthies, H., Kuhlmann, E., Oppen, M. and Simon, D. (Eds), Gleichstellung in der Wissenschaft. Organisationspraktiken und politische Strategien, ed., sigma, Berlin, pp. 89‐103.

Kuhlmann, E. (2006), Modernising Health Care. Reinventing Professions, the State and the Public, The Policy Press, Bristol.

Kuhlmann, E. and Saks, M. (2008), “Health policy and workforce dynamics: the future”, in Kuhlmann, E. and Saks, M. (Eds), Rethinking Professional Governance: International Directions in Health Care, The Policy Press, Bristol (forthcoming).

Laqueur, T. (1990), Making Sex. Body and Gender from the Greeks to Freud, Harvard University Press, Cambridge.

Miller, P. and Rose, N. (1990), “Governing economic life”, Economy and Society, Vol. 19 No. 1, pp. 1‐31.

Mischau, A. (2001), “Women in higher education in Europe − a statistical overview”, International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy, Vol. 21 Nos. 1‐2, pp. 20‐31.

Moran, M. (1999), Governing the Health Care State, Manchester University Press, Manchester.

Newman, J. (2001), Modernising Governance: New Labour, Policy and Governance, Sage, London.

Newman, J. (2003), “New labour, governance and the politics of diversity”, in Barry, J., Dent, M. and O'Neill, M. (Eds), Gender and the Public Sector: Professional and Managerial Change, Routledge, London, pp. 15‐26.

Newman, J. (Ed.) (2005a), Remaking Governance: People, Politics and the Public Sphere, The Policy Press, Bristol.

Newman, J. (2005b), “Regendering governance”, in Newman, J. (Ed.), Remaking Governance: People, Politics and the Public Sphere, The Policy Press, Bristol, pp. 81‐99.

Paik, J.L. (2000), “Editorial. The Feminization of medicine”, Journal of the American Medical Association, Vol. 283 No. 5, p. 666.

Parry, N. and Parry, J. (1976), The Rise of the Medical Profession, Croom Helm, London.

Reichenbach, L. and Brown, H. (2004), “Gender and academic medicine: impacts on the health workforce”, British Medical Journal, Vol. 329, pp. 792‐5.

Riska, E. (2001a), Medical Careers and Feminist Agendas: American, Scandinavian, and Russian Women Physicians”, Aldine de Gruyter, New York, NY.

Riska, E. (2001b), “Towards gender balance: but will women physicians have an impact on medicine?”, Social Science and Medicine, Vol. 52 No. 2, pp. 187‐97.

Riska, E. and Wegar, K. (1995), “The medical profession in the Nordic countries”, in Johnson, T., Larkin, J. and Saks, M. (Eds), Health Professions and the State in Europe, Sage, London, pp. 200‐12.

Ross, K. and Cater, C. (2004), “A woman's place? Gender and culture in higher education”, Knowledge, Work and Society, Vol. 2 No. 3, pp. 95‐111.

Saks, M. and Kuhlmann, E. (2006) “Introduction. Professions, social inclusion and citizenship: challenge and change in European health systems”, Knowledge, Work and Society, Vol. 4 No. 1, pp. 9‐20.

Sibbald, B. (2002), “Feminization of medicine”, Journal de Association Medicine Canada, Vol. 167 No. 8, p. 914.

Siim, B. (2000), Gender and Citizenship: Politics and Agency in France, Britain and Denmark, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

United Nations (1999), Women and Health. Mainstreaming the Gender Perspective into the Health Sector, UN Publication Sales No 99.IV.4, New York, NY.

Valentova, M. (2006), “Labour market inactivity due to family care in Luxembourg”, Equal Opportunities International, Vol. 25 No. 5, pp. 339‐406.

Waters, A. (2002), “Men at work”, Nursing Standard, Vol. 30 No. 2, p. 13.

West, C. and Fenstermaker, S. (1995), “Doing difference”, Gender and Society, Vol. 9 No. 1, pp. 8‐37.

West, C. and Zimmerman, D. (1991), “Doing gender”, in Lorber, J. and Farrell, S.A. (Eds), The Social Construction of Gender, Sage, Newbury Park, CA, pp. 13‐37.

Witz, A. (1992), Professions and Patriarchy, Routledge, London.

Witz, A. and Annandale, E. (2006), “The challenge of nursing”, in Kelleher, D., Gabe, J. and Williams, G. (Eds), Challenging Medicine, 2nd edition, Routledge, London, pp. 24‐39.

WHO Euro (2001), Mainstreaming Gender Equity in Health, Madrid Statement, WHO Euro, Copenhagen.

Wrede, S., Benoit, C., Bourgeault, I., van Teijlingen, E., Sandall, J. and De Vries, R. (2006), “Decentred comparative research: context sensitive analysis of maternal health care”, Social Science and Medicine, Vol. 63, pp. 2986‐97.