Giới tính, lão hóa và tuổi thọ ở người: Cập nhật về một kịch bản thú vị/bị bỏ qua mở đường cho y học theo giới tính

Clinical Science - Tập 130 Số 19 - Trang 1711-1725 - 2016
Rita Ostan1, Daniela Monti2, Paola Gueresi3, Mauro Bussolotto4, Claudio Franceschi5, Giovannella Baggio4
1Interdepartmental Centre “L. Galvani” (CIG) and Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (DIMES), University of Bologna, Via San Giacomo 12, 40126 Bologna, Italy
2Department of Clinical and Experimental Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Viale Morgagni, 50, 50134 Florence, Italy
3Department of Statistical Sciences "Paolo Fortunati", University of Bologna, Via Belle Arti 41, 40126 Bologna
4Internal Medicine Unit, Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padua, Italy
5IRCCS, Institute of Neurological Sciences of Bologna, 40139 Bologna, Italy

Tóm tắt

Dữ liệu cho thấy sự khác biệt giới tính đáng kể trong tuổi thọ và tỷ lệ tử vong, bao gồm khả năng sống đến tuổi cao, được tổng hợp từ các dữ liệu lâm sàng và nhân khẩu học, nhấn mạnh tầm quan trọng của một góc nhìn lịch sử toàn diện cũng như sự tương tác giữa gen - môi trường/lối sống. Sự khác biệt giới tính về tỷ lệ mắc và tỷ lệ mới mắc của những bệnh liên quan đến tuổi tác quan trọng nhất, chẳng hạn như bệnh tim mạch và bệnh thoái hóa thần kinh, ung thư, tiểu đường loại 2, tàn tật, tự miễn dịch và nhiễm trùng, được tổng hợp và cập nhật với sự chú ý đặc biệt đến vai trò của hệ miễn dịch và hiện tượng lão hóa miễn dịch. Nhìn chung, sự khác biệt giới tính dường như phổ biến và vẫn ít được xem xét và điều tra mặc dù có tầm quan trọng sinh học của chúng. Các cơ chế sinh học cơ bản chịu trách nhiệm cho sự khác biệt giới tính trong lão hóa và tuổi thọ là khá phức tạp và vẫn chưa được hiểu rõ. Bài tổng quan này tập trung vào những người sống đến trăm tuổi và con cái của họ như một mô hình của lão hóa khỏe mạnh và tóm tắt kiến thức sẵn có về ba hiện tượng sinh học cơ bản, tức là sự thiên lệch trong việc in hoạt động của nhiễm sắc thể X liên quan đến tuổi tác, sự thay đổi vi khuẩn đường ruột và các biến thể di truyền DNA ty thể di truyền từ mẹ. Kết luận, cần thiết một cách tiếp cận y học theo giới tính thích hợp và nên được theo đuổi một cách hệ thống trong các nghiên cứu về lão hóa khỏe mạnh, tuổi thọ và các bệnh liên quan đến tuổi tác, trong một thế giới toàn cầu hóa đặc trưng bởi những khác biệt giới tính lớn có ảnh hưởng cao đến sức khỏe và bệnh tật.

Từ khóa


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