Gender Differences in Preschool Aggression During Free Play and Structured Interactions: An Observational Study
Tóm tắt
We observed 48 children from rural preschools (M=64 months old) in two different social contexts to test hypotheses about the type (relational, physical, verbal, nonverbal), contextual independence, and sociometry of girls’ and boys’ aggressive tactics. We predicted and generally found that (1) girls displayed more relational aggression than boys while boys displayed more physical and verbal aggression than girls, and that children received more physical and verbal aggression from male peers, and tended to receive more relational aggression from female peers, (2) behavioral observations of aggression corresponded with teacher reports of children's aggressive styles, (3) aggression observed during free play predicted children's aggressive styles in a structured setting at both the group and individual levels, and (4) aggressive tactics were associated with projected sociometric characteristics (dominance and peer acceptance).
Từ khóa
Tài liệu tham khảo
Bakeman R., 1987, Handbook of infant development
Barrett D. E., 1979, A naturalistic study of sex differences in children's aggression, Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 25, 193
Cairns R. B., 1989, Growth and aggression: Childhood to early adolescence, Developmental Psychology, 25, 320, 10.1037/0012-1649.25.2.320
Coie J. D., 1998, Handbook of child psychology: Vol. 3. Social, emotional, and personality development, 779
Crick N. R., 1996, Children's treatment by peers: Victims of relational and overt aggression, Developmental Psychology, 33, 579, 10.1037/0012-1649.33.4.579
Crick N. R., 2001, Peer harassment in school: The plight of the vulnerable and victimized
Crick N. R., 1999, Nebraska symposium on motivation
Denham S. A., 1998, Emotional development in young children
Eagley A. H., 1986, Gender and aggressive behavior: A meta‐analytic review of the social psychological literature, Psychological Bulletin, 100, 309, 10.1037/0033-2909.100.3.309
Feshbach S., 1970, Carmichael's Manual of Child Psychology
Hawley P. H., 1999, On winning some and losing some: A social relations approach to social dominance in toddlers, Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 45, 185
Huesmann L. R., 1994, Measuring children's aggression with teacher's predictions of peer nominations, Psychological Assessment, 6, 329, 10.1037/1040-3590.6.4.329
Keating C. F., 2002, Visual cognition: Volume I: Facial attractiveness, 153
Laursen B., 1989, The dynamics of preschool children's conflicts, Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 35, 281
Maccoby E. E., 1974, The psychology of sex differences
Olweus D., 1993, Bullying at school: What we know and what we can do
Pellegrini A. D., 1989, Categorizing children's rough‐and‐tumble play, Play & Culture, 2, 48
Pepler D. J., 1998, Observations of aggressive and nonaggressive children on the school playground, Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 44, 55
Rys G. S., 1997, Relational aggression and peer relations: Gender and developmental issues, Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 43, 87