Free and conjugated 3, 4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid and homovanillic acid in brain dopaminergic areas at basal state and after pipotiazine activation

Argiolas, A., Paglietti, E., Fadda, F., Pellegrini-Quarantotti, B., Gessa, G. L.: Effect of psychotropic drags in 3, 4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) content in the medial basal hypothalamus. Life Sci.22, 461?466 (1978).

Bacopoulos, N. G., Hattox, S. E., Roth, R. H.: 3, 4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid and homovanillic acid in rat plasma: possible indicators of central dopaminergic activity. Eur. J. Pharmacol.56, 225?236 (1979).

Boudet, C., Peyrin, L., Tavitian, E., Claustre, J., Favre, R.: Studies on the central or peripheral origin of free and sulfated 3, 4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid in rat plasma. Eur. J. Pharmacol.103, 295?301 (1984).

Buu, N. T., Duhaime, J., Savard, C., Truong, L., Kuchel, O.: Presence of conjugated catecholamines in rat brain: a new method of analysis of catecholamine sulfates. J. Neurochem.36, 769?772 (1981).

Dedek, J., Baumes, R., Tien-Duc, N., Gomeni, R., Korf, J.: Turnover of free and conjugated (sulphonyloxy) dihydroxyphenylacetic acid and homovanillic acid in rat striatum. J. Neurochem.33, 687?695 (1979).

Elchisak, M. A.: Distribution of free and conjugated dopamine in human brain caudate nucleus, hypothalamus and kidney. J. Neurochem.41, 893?896 (1983).

Elchisak, M. A., Maas, J. W., Roth, R. H.: Dihydroxyphenylacetic acid conjugate: natural occurrence and demonstration of probenecid-induced accumulation in rat striatum, olfactory tubercles and frontal cortex. Eur. J. Pharmacol.41, 369?378 (1977).

Elchisak, M. A., Murrin, L. C., Roth, R. H., Maas, J. W.: Free and conjugated dihydroxyphenylacetic acid: effect of alterations in impulse flow in rat neostriatum and frontal cortex. Psychopharmacol. Commun.2, 411?420 (1976).

Fekete, M. I. K., Herman, J. P., Kanyicska, B., Palkovits, M.: Dopamine noradrenaline and 3, 4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) levels of individual brain nuclei, effects of haloperidol and pargyline. J. Neural Transm.45, 207?218 (1979).

Gordon, E. K., Markey, S. P., Sharman, R. L., Kopin, I. J.: Conjugated 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) in human and monkey cerebrospinal fluid and rat brain and the effects of probenecid treatment. Life Sci.18, 1285?1292 (1976).

Heffner, T. G., Harman, J. A., Seiden, L. S.: A rapid method for the regional dissection of the rat brain. Pharmacol. Biochem. and Behav.13, 453?456 (1980).

Hefti, F.: A simple, sensitive method for measuring 3, 4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid and homovanillic acid in rat brain tissue using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography with electrochemical detection. Life Sci.25, 775?782 (1979).

Julou, L., Scatton, B., Glowinski, J.: Acute and chronic treatment with neuroleptics: similarities and differences in their action on nigrostriatal, mesolimbic and mesocortical dopaminergic neurons. Adv. Biochem. Psychopharmacol.16, 617?624 (1977).

Karoum, F., Cbuang, L. W., Wyatt, R. J.: Biochemical and pharmacological characteristics of conjugated catecholamines in the rat brain. J. Neurochem.40, 1735?1741 (1983).

Karoum, F., Moyer-Schwing, J., Potkin, S. G., Wyatt, R. S.: Presence of free sulfate and glucuronide conjugated 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol (MHPG) in human brain, cerebrospinal fluid and plasma. Brain Res.125, 333?339 (1977).

Karoum, F., Speciale, S. G. jr., Wyatt, R. J.: Differential sensitivity of hypothalamic dopaminergic and noradrenergic neurones to pharmacological manipulation. Brit. J. Pharmacol.69, 351?354 (1980).

König, J. F. R., Klippel, R. A.: The Rat Brain: A Stereotaxic Atlas of the Forebrain and Lower Parts of the Brain Stem. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins. 1963.

Leibowitz, S. F., Jhanwar-Uniyal, M., Levin, B. E.: Effects of amphetamine on catecholamine levels and turnover in discrete hypothalamic areas. Brain Res.266, 348?354 (1983).

Lowry, O. H., Rosebrough, N. J., Farr, A. L., Randall, R. J.: Protein measurement with the Folin phenol reagent. J. Biol. Chem.193, 265?275 (1951).

Meek, J. L., Neff, N. H.: Acidic and neutral metabolites of norepinephrine: their metabolism and transport from brain. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther.181, 457?462 (1972).

Moleman, P., Bruinvels, J., Westerink, B. H. C.: Rapid post mortem changes in 3, 4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC), a dopamine metabolite, in rat striatum. J. Neurochem.29, 175?177 (1977).

Moore, K. E., Annunziato, L., Gudelsky, G.: Studies on tuberoinfundibular dopamine neurons. Adv. Biochem. Psychopharmacol.19, 193?204 (1978).

Nielsen, J. A., Johnston, C. A.: Rapid, concurrent analysis of dopamine, 5-hydroxytryptamine, their precursors and metabolites utilizing high performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection: analysis of brain tissue and cerebrospinal fluid. Life Sci.31, 2847?2856 (1982).

Peyrin, L., Cottet-Emard, J. M., Javoy, F., Agid, Y., Herbert, A., Glowinski, J.: Long-term effects of unilateral 6-hydroxydopamine destruction of the nigrostriatal pathway on the urinary excretion of catecholamines (dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine). Brain Res.143, 567?578 (1978).

Peyrin, L., Simon, H., Cottet-Emard, J. M., Bruneau, N., Le Moal, M.: 6-hydroxydopamine lesions of dopaminergic A10 neurons: long-term effects on the urinary excretion of free and conjugated catecholamines and their metabolites in the rat. Brain Res.235, 363?369 (1982).

Racagni, G., Bruno, F., Bugatti, A., Parenti, M., Apud, A., Santini, V., Carenzi, A., Gropetti, A., Cattabeni, F.: Behavioral and biochemical correlates after haloperidol and clozapine long-term treatment. In: Long-term Effect of Neuroleptics (Adv. Biochem. Psychopharmacol., Vol. 24) (Cattabeni, F., Racagni, G., Spano, P. F., Costa, E., eds.), pp. 45?51. New York: Raven Press. 1980.

Roth, K. A., Mefford, I. M., Barchas, J. D.: Epinephrine, norepinephrine, dopamine and serotonin: differential effects of acute and chronic stress on regional brain amines. Brain Res.239, 417?424 (1982).

Roth, J. A., Rivett, A. J.: Does sulfate conjugation contribute to be the metabolic inactivation of catecholamines in humans? Biochem. Pharmac.31, 3017?3021 (1982).

Sarna, G. S., Hutson, P. H., Curzon, G.: Effect of?-methyl fluorodopa on dopamine metabolites: importance of conjugation and egress. Eur. J. Pharmacol.100, 343?350 (1984).

Scatton, B.: Differential regional development of tolerance to increase in dopamine turnover upon repeated neuroleptic administration. Eur. J. Pharmacol.46, 363?369 (1977).

Scatton, B.: Differential changes in DOPAC levels in the hippocampal formation, septum and striatum of the rat induced by acute and repeated neuroleptic treatment. Eur. J. Pharmacol.71, 499?503 (1981).

Schanberg, S. M., Breese, G. R., Schildkraut, J.J., Gordon, E. K., Kopin, I. J.: Metabolism of normetanephrine-H3 in rat brain-identification of conjugated 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol as the major metabolite. Biochem. Pharmac.17, 247?254 (1968).

Schweitzer, J. W., Bonnet, K. A., Friedhoff, A. J.: Receptor adaptation to psychotic drugs. In: Handbook of Neurochemistry, Vol. 6: Receptors in the Nervous System (Lajtba, A., ed.), p. 639. New York: Plenum Press. 1984.

Swahn, C. G., Wiesel, F. A.: Determination of conjugated monoamines metabolites in brain tissue. J. Neural Transm.39, 281?290 (1976).

Thiede, H. M., Kehr, W.: Catecholamine metabolism in rat brain: the role of neutral and acidic catechol metabolites. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch. Pharmacol.318, 29?35 (1981).

Umezu, K., Moore, K. E.: Effects of drugs on regional brain concentrations of dopamine and dihydroxyphenylacetic acid. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther.208, 49?56 (1979).

Westerink, B. H. C., Korf, J.: Rapid concurrent automated fluorimetric assay of noradrenaline, dopamine, 3, 4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid, homovanillic acid and 3-methoxytyramine in milligram amounts of nervous tissue after isolation on sephadex G 10. J. Neurochem.29, 697?706 (1977).

Westerink, B. H. C., Mulder, T. B. A.: Determination of picomole amounts of DA, NA, DOPAC, HVA and 5-HIAA in nervous tissue after one step purification of sephadex G 10 using HPLC with a novel type of electrochemical detection. J. Neurochem.36, 1449?1462 (1981).

Westerink, B. H. C., Spaan, S. J.: Simultaneous determination of the formation rate of dopamine and its metabolite 3, 4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) in various brain areas. Brain Res.252, 239?245 (1982).