Finescale Diurnal Rainfall Statistics Refined from Eight Years of TRMM PR Data

Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology - Tập 47 Số 2 - Trang 544-561 - 2008
Masafumi Hirose1, Riko Oki1, Shuji Shimizu1, Misako Kachi1, Tomohiko Higashiuwatoko1
1Earth Observation Research Center, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, Tsukuba, Japan

Tóm tắt

Abstract The adequacy of hourly rainfall sampling was examined in terms of the detection of diurnal variations using 8 yr (1998–2005) of data observed by the precipitation radar on the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) satellite. It was found that the monthly and hourly rain samples for each 0.2° grid point over the 8-yr period are composed of multiple precipitation systems. In this study, a “3-h-significant diurnal peak” was defined as the time of maximum rainfall with consecutive positive anomalies for more than 3 h. The fraction of the analyzed area with a 3-h-significant diurnal peak increased annually and accounted for 43% of the total global tropics at 0.2° resolution over the 8-yr period. The diurnal signature over Tibet and the Amazon showed a high degree of spatial uniformity (at >10° scale). The degree of similarity and locations of the regional diurnal characteristics are described in terms of seasonal variations and at multiple resolutions based on spatial uniformity. For example, uniform early-afternoon peaks generally appear over the coastal land and areas of high relief, whereas a seasonally invariant early-afternoon peak over the low-lying Amazon basin is recognized as a regional characteristic. In areas of coastal ocean, early-morning peaks appear in certain regions such as the area surrounding the so-called Maritime Continent and the area off the west coast of Mexico. These peaks are distinct from the global characteristics of late-morning rainfall maxima recorded over most coastal oceans and early-morning peaks recorded over open ocean. The results are also compared with those derived from TRMM Microwave Imager (TMI) data. In addition to obtaining a coherent signal, regional differences in the timing of maximum rainfall over the Tibetan Plateau were addressed; this discrepancy is attributed to limitations of the scattering algorithm used for TMI data in terms of detecting shallow convection and screening cold surfaces.

Từ khóa


Tài liệu tham khảo

Asai, 1998, Diurnal variability of cloudiness over East Asia and the western Pacific Ocean as revealed by GMS during the warm season., J. Meteor. Soc. Japan, 76, 675, 10.2151/jmsj1965.76.5_675

Ba, 1998, Analysis of convective activity and its relationship to the rainfall over the Rift Valley lakes of East Africa during 1983–90 using the Meteosat infrared channel., J. Appl. Meteor., 37, 1250, 10.1175/1520-0450(1998)037<1250:AOCAAI>2.0.CO;2

Barros, 2000, A study of the 1999 monsoon rainfall in a mountainous region in central Nepal using TRMM products and rain gauge observations., Geophys. Res. Lett., 27, 3683, 10.1029/2000GL011827

Barros, 2004, Probing orographic controls in the Himalayas during the monsoon using satellite imagery., Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 4, 29, 10.5194/nhess-4-29-2004

Berg, 2006, Rainfall climate regimes: The relationship of regional TRMM rainfall biases to the environment., J. Appl. Meteor. Climatol., 45, 434, 10.1175/JAM2331.1

Betts, 2002, Surface diurnal cycle and boundary layer structure over Rondônia during the rainy season., J. Geophys. Res., 107, 10.1029/2001JD000356

Bhatt, 2005, Characteristics of monsoon rainfall around the Himalayas revealed by TRMM precipitation radar., Mon. Wea. Rev., 133, 149, 10.1175/MWR-2846.1

Boccippio, 2005, The tropical convective spectrum. Part I: Archetypal vertical structures., J. Climate, 18, 2744, 10.1175/JCLI3335.1

Caldwell, 2005, Mixed-layer budget analysis of the diurnal cycle of entrainment in southeast Pacific stratocumulus., J. Atmos. Sci., 62, 3775, 10.1175/JAS3561.1

Chiu, 2006, Comparison of TRMM and water district rain rates over New Mexico., Adv. Atmos. Sci., 23, 1, 10.1007/s00376-006-0001-x

Collier, 2004, A comparison of tropical precipitation simulated by the community climate model with that measured by the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission satellite., J. Climate, 17, 3319, 10.1175/1520-0442(2004)017<3319:ACOTPS>2.0.CO;2

Comstock, 2005, Mesoscale variability and drizzle in southeast Pacific stratocumulus., J. Atmos. Sci., 62, 3792, 10.1175/JAS3567.1

Cutrim, 2000, Pilot analysis of hourly rainfall in central and eastern Amazonia., J. Climate, 13, 1326, 10.1175/1520-0442(2000)013<1326:PAOHRI>2.0.CO;2

Dai, 2004, The diurnal cycle and its depiction in the community climate system model., J. Climate, 17, 930, 10.1175/1520-0442(2004)017<0930:TDCAID>2.0.CO;2

Ferraro, 1998, A screening methodology for passive microwave precipitation retrieval algorithms., J. Atmos. Sci., 55, 1583, 10.1175/1520-0469(1998)055<1583:ASMFPM>2.0.CO;2

Fujinami, 2005, Characteristics of diurnal variations in convection and precipitation over the southern Tibetan Plateau during summer., Sci. Online Lett. Atmos., 1, 49

Furuzawa, 2005, Differences of rainfall estimates over land by Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) precipitation radar (PR) and TRMM Microwave Imager (TMI)—Dependence on storm height., J. Appl. Meteor., 44, 367, 10.1175/JAM-2200.1

Garreaud, 1997, The diurnal march of convective cloudiness over the Americas., Mon. Wea. Rev., 125, 3157, 10.1175/1520-0493(1997)125<3157:TDMOCC>2.0.CO;2

Geerts, 2005, Regional and diurnal variability of the vertical structure of precipitation systems in Africa based on spaceborne radar data., J. Climate, 18, 893, 10.1175/JCLI-3316.1

Gochis, 2003, Preliminary diagnostics from a new event-based precipitation monitoring system in support of the North American Monsoon Experiment (NAME)., J. Hydrometeor., 4, 974, 10.1175/1525-7541(2003)004<0974:PDFANE>2.0.CO;2

Hendon, 1993, The diurnal cycle of tropical convection., J. Geophys. Res., 98, 16623, 10.1029/93JD00525

Hirose, 2004, Spatiotemporal variation of the vertical gradient of rainfall rate observed by the TRMM precipitation radar., J. Climate, 17, 3378, 10.1175/1520-0442(2004)017<3378:SVOTVG>2.0.CO;2

Hirose, 2005, Spatial and diurnal variation of precipitation systems over Asia observed by the TRMM precipitation radar., J. Geophys. Res., 110, 10.1029/2004JD004815

Hirose, M., S.Shimizu, T.Higashiuwatoko, and T.Tanaka, 2005: Spatial variation of the vertical gradient of rainfall rate near the surface. Proc. Geosci. Remote Sens. Symp. (IGARSS’05), Seoul, Korea, IEEE, 5108–5109.

Ichikawa, 2006, Time–space characteristics of diurnal rainfall over Borneo and surrounding oceans as observed by TRMM-PR., J. Climate, 19, 1238, 10.1175/JCLI3714.1

Janowiak, 2005, Diurnal cycle of precipitation determined from the CMORPH high spatial and temporal resolution global precipitation analyses., J. Geophys. Res., 110, 10.1029/2005JD006156

Jobard, I. , 2001: Status of satellite retrieval of rainfall at different scales using multi-source data. Proc. Second MEGHA-TROPIQUES Scientific Workshop, Paris, France, ISRO-CNES, 10 pp.

Joseph, 2000, Multiple-scale spatio-temporal variability of precipitation over the coterminous United States., J. Hydrometeor., 1, 373, 10.1175/1525-7541(2000)001<0373:MSSTVO>2.0.CO;2

Kidd, 2003, Satellite rainfall estimation using combined passive microwave and infrared algorithms., J. Hydrometeor., 4, 1088, 10.1175/1525-7541(2003)004<1088:SREUCP>2.0.CO;2

Kim, 2004, Validation of maritime rainfall retrievals from the TRMM microwave radiometer., J. Appl. Meteor., 43, 847, 10.1175/1520-0450(2004)043<0847:VOMRRF>2.0.CO;2

Kitoh, 2005, Reduction in tropical rainfall diurnal variation by global warming simulated by a 20-km mesh climate model., Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, 10.1029/2005GL023350

Kummerow, 2001, The evolution of the Goddard profiling algorithm (GPROF) for rainfall estimation from passive microwave sensors., J. Appl. Meteor., 40, 1801, 10.1175/1520-0450(2001)040<1801:TEOTGP>2.0.CO;2

Mapes, 2003, Diurnal patterns of rainfall in northwestern South America. Part I: Observations and context., Mon. Wea. Rev., 131, 799, 10.1175/1520-0493(2003)131<0799:DPORIN>2.0.CO;2

McCollum, 2003, Next generation of NOAA/NESDIS TMI, SSM/I, and AMSR-E microwave land rainfall algorithms., J. Geophys. Res., 108, 10.1029/2001JD001512

Mori, 2004, Diurnal land–sea rainfall peak migration over Sumatera Island, Indonesian Maritime Continent, observed by TRMM satellite and intensive rawinsonde soundings., Mon. Wea. Rev., 132, 2021, 10.1175/1520-0493(2004)132<2021:DLRPMO>2.0.CO;2

National Research Council , 2005: TRMM senior review proposal. National Academy of Science, 38 pp.

Negri, 2002, Sampling of the diurnal cycle of precipitation using TRMM., J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 19, 1333, 10.1175/1520-0426(2002)019<1333:SOTDCO>2.0.CO;2

Negri, 2002, A TRMM-calibrated infrared rainfall algorithm applied over Brazil., J. Geophys. Res., 107, 10.1029/2000JD000265

Nesbitt, 2003, The diurnal cycle of rainfall and convective intensity according to three years of TRMM measurements., J. Climate, 16, 1456, 10.1175/1520-0442-16.10.1456

Nesbitt, 2006, Storm morphology and rainfall characteristics of TRMM precipitation features., Mon. Wea. Rev., 134, 2702, 10.1175/MWR3200.1

Ohsawa, 2001, Diurnal variations of convective activity and rainfall in tropical Asia., J. Meteor. Soc. Japan, 79, 333, 10.2151/jmsj.79.333

Rozendaal, 1995, An observational study of diurnal variations of marine stratiform cloud., J. Climate, 8, 1795, 10.1175/1520-0442(1995)008<1795:AOSODV>2.0.CO;2

Sato, 2001, Spatial and temporal variations of frozen ground and snow cover in the eastern part of the Tibetan Plateau., J. Meteor. Soc. Japan, 79, 519, 10.2151/jmsj.79.519

Schumacher, 2006, Stratiform precipitation production over sub-Saharan Africa and the tropical east Atlantic as observed by TRMM., Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 132, 2235, 10.1256/qj.05.121

Seto, 2005, Rain/no-rain classification methods for microwave radiometer observations over land using statistical information for brightness temperatures under no-rain conditions., J. Appl. Meteor., 44, 1243, 10.1175/JAM2263.1

Slingo, 2004, Simulation of the diurnal cycle in a climate model and its evaluation using data from Meteosat 7., Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 130, 1449, 10.1256/qj.03.165

Yamamoto, 2008, Comparison of diurnal variations in precipitation systems observed by TRMM PR, TMI, and VIRS., J. Climate, 10.1175/2007JCLI2079.1

Thông tin
Thông tin xuất bản

Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology

Tập 47 Số 2

544-561

Thông tin tác giả