Family background and classroom belonging among adolescent students in Finland
Tóm tắt
We study whether a family’s economic situation and parental educational level are associated with classroom belonging among students in comprehensive secondary, upper secondary general and upper secondary vocational education in Finland. We also study whether there are educational-level differences in this possible association. We use survey data from the Finnish School Health Promotion study from 2017 (N = 114,528). We conduct random effect linear probability models with schools as the second-level grouping variable. The results show that family’s low economic situation predicts a higher probability of lack of sense of classroom belonging in Finland, despite the country having one of the world’s most equal educational systems and comparably low economic inequality. Neither mother’s nor father’s educational level has any association. A family’s low economic situation seems to predict the lack of a sense of belonging most strongly in comprehensive secondary education and most weakly in upper secondary vocational education. Our results slightly support the proposed significance of context-specific hierarchies in determining the association between economic resources and sense of belonging. A family having a poor economic situation is not reflected in the sense of classroom belonging as strongly in schools where students have a low average economic situation compared to those where students have a high average economic situation. We suggest measures, in addition to alleviating economic inequalities, to support the sense of school belonging, especially for low-income students.
Tài liệu tham khảo
Abbassi, N. (2016). Adolescent identity formation and the school environment. In Fisher, K (Eds.), The translational design of schools: An evidence-based approach to aligning. Pedagogy and learning environments, 83–103. Sense Publishers.
Ahn, M., & Davis, H. (2020). Sense of belonging as an indicator of social capital. International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy, 40(7), 627–642. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJSSP-12-2019-0258
Allen, J. (2008). The attachment system in adolescence. In Cassidy, J. & Shaver P. R. (Eds.), Handbook of attachment: Theory, research, and clinical applications, 419–435. Guilford Press.
Allen, K., Kern, M., Vella-Brodrick, D., Hattie, J., & Waters, L. (2018). What schools need to know about fostering school belonging: A meta-analysis. Educational Psychology Review, 30, 1–34. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10648-016-9389-8
Amato, P. (2010). Research on divorce: Continuing trends and new developments. Journal of Marriage and Family, 72(3), 650–666. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-3737.2010.00723.x
Attree, P. (2006). The social costs of child poverty. A systematic review of the qualitative evidence. Children & Society, 20(1), 54–66.
Bäckman, O., & Nilsson, A. (2011). Pathways to social exclusion—a life-course study. European Sociological Review, 27(1), 107–123.
Baumeister, R., & Leary, M. (1995). The need to belong: Desire for interpersonal attachments as a fundamental human motivation. Psychological Bulletin, 117(3), 497–529. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.117.3.497
Bernardi, F., & Boado, H. (2014). Previous school results and social background: Compensation and imperfect information in educational transitions. European Sociological Review, 30(2), 207–217.
Bernelius, V. (2013) Eriytyvät kaupunkikoulut. Helsingin peruskoulujen oppilaspohjan erot, perheiden kouluvalinnat ja oppimistuloksiin liittyvät aluevaikutukset osana kaupungin eriytymiskehitystä. Helsingin kaupungin tietokeskus. Helsinki.
Blader, S. & Chen, Y. (2014). What’s in a name? Status, power, and other forms of social hierarchy. In J. T. Cheng, J. L. Tracy, & C. Anderson (Eds.), The psychology of social status, 71–95. Springer.
Bourdieu, P. & Passeron, J.-C. (1990). Theory, culture & society. Reproduction in education, society and culture (2nd ed.) Sage Publications.
Breen, R., & Karlson, B. (2013). Education and social mobility. New analytical approaches. European Sociological Review, 30(1), 107–118.
Buckingham, D. (2011). The material child. Growing up in consumer culture. Polity Press.
Buhs, E., & Ladd, G. (2001). Peer rejection as antecedent of young children’s school adjustment: An examination of mediating processes. Developmental Psychology, 37(4), 550–560. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.37.4.550
Carr, D., & Springer, K. (2010). Advances in families and health research in the 21st century. Journal of Marriage and Family, 72(3), 743–761. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-3737.2010.00728.x
Chipuer, H. (2001). Dyadic attachments and community connectedness: Links with youths’ loneliness experiences. Journal of Community Psychology, 29(4), 429–446.
Chiu, M., Chow, B., McBride, C., & Mol, S. (2015). Students’ sense of belonging at school in 41 countries: Cross-cultural variability. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 47(2), 175–196. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022022115617031
Croghan, R., Griffine, C., Hunter, J., & Phoenix, A. (2006). Style failure. Consumption, identity and social exclusion. Journal of Youth Studies, 9(4), 463–478.
Daly, M. & Kelly, G. (2015). Families and poverty: Everyday life on a low income. Published to Policy Press scholarship online. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1332/policypress/9781447318828.001.0001
Deci, E. & Ryan, R. (1985). Intrinsic motivation and self-determination in human behavior. Plenum.
Deci, E., Vallerland, R., Pelletier, L., & Ryan, R. (1991). Motivation and education: The self-determination perspective. Educational Psychologist, 26, 325–346. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15326985ep2603&4_6
Demanet, J., & Van Houtte, M. (2012). School belonging and school misconduct: The differing role of teacher and peer attachment. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 41(4), 499–514.
Destin, M., Rheinschmidt-Same, M., & Richeson, J. (2017). Status-based identity: A conceptual approach integrating the social psychological study of socioeconomic status and identity. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 12(2), 270–289. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691616664424
Deutsch, N., & Theodorou, E. (2009). Aspiring, consuming, becoming: Youth identity in a culture of consumption. Youth & Society, 42(2), 229–254.
Dotterer, A., & Lowe, K. (2011). Classroom context, school engagement and academic achievement in early adolescence. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 40(20), 1649–1660. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-011-9647-5
Dotterer, A., & Wehrspann, E. (2016). Parent involvement and academic outcomes among urban adolescents: Examining the role of school engagement. Educational Psychology, 36(4), 812–830. https://doi.org/10.1080/01443410.2015.1099617
Engzell, P., & Jonsson, J. (2015). Estimating social and ethnic inequality in school surveys: Biases from child misreporting and parent nonresponse. European Sociological Review, 31(3), 312–325.
Fiske, S. (2010). Interpersonal stratification. Status, power and subordination. In Fiske, S., Gilbert, D. & Lindzey, G. (Eds.), Handbook of social psychology, 941–982. Wiley.
Foster, C., Horwitz, A., Thomas, A., Opperman, K., Gipson, P., Burnside, A., Stone, D., & King, A. (2017). Connectedness to family, school, peers, and community in socially vulnerable adolescents. Children and Youth Services Review, 81, 321–333. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2017.08.011
Goodenow, C. (1993). The psychological sense of school membership among adolescents: Scale development and educational correlates. Psychology in the Schools, 30(1), 79–90. https://doi.org/10.1002/1520-6807(199301)30:1<79::AID-PITS2310300113>3.0.CO;2-X
Hakovirta, M. & Rantalaiho M. (2012). Taloudellinen eriarvoisuus lasten arjessa. Sosiaali- ja terveysturvan tutkimuksia 124. Kela.
Harju, A. (2008). Barns vardag med knapp ekonomi. En studie om barns erfarenheter och strategier. Växjö: Växjö University, Acta Wexionensia (vårdvetenskap och socialt arbete) 137.
Hertel, J. (2002). College student generational status: Similarities, differences, and factors in college adjustment. Psychological Record, 52(1), 3–18.
Hertzman, C., & Boyce, T. (2010). How experience gets under the skin to create gradients in developmental health. Annual Review of Public Health, 31, 329–334.
Hiilamo, H. (2014). Voiko osallistava sosiaaliturva lisätä osallisuutta? Yhteiskuntapolitiikka, 1.
Hjalmarsson, S., & Mood, C. (2015). Do poorer youth have fewer friends? The role of household and child economic resources in adolescent school-class friendships. Children and Youth Services Review, 58, 201–211.
van der Hoek, T. (2005). Through children’s eyes. An initial study of children’s personal experiences and coping strategies growing up poor in an affluent Netherlands. UNICEF, Innocenti.
Jaeger, M., & Holm, A. (2007). Does parents’ economic, cultural and social capital explain the social class effect on educational attainment in the Scandinavian mobility regime? Social Science Research, 36(2), 719–744.
Järvinen, T. (1999). Koulutuksen ja työelämän ulkopuolella. In Kuorelahti, M & Viitanen, R (Eds.), Holtittomasta hortoilusta hallittuun harhailuun. Nuorten syrjäytymisen riskit ja selviytymiskeinot, 189–196. Mannerheimin Lastensuojeluliitto, Nuorisoasiain neuvottelukunta.
Jost, J., Banaji, M., & Nosek, B. (2004). A decade of system justification theory: Accumulated evidence of conscious and unconscious bolstering of the status quo. Political Psychology, 25(6, 881), –919. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9221.2004.00402.x
Kallio, J., Kauppinen, T., & Erola, J. (2016). Cumulative socioeconomic disadvantage and secondary education in Finland. European Sociological Review, 32(5), 649–661.
Kiefer, S., Alley, K., & Ellerbrock, C. (2015). Teacher and peer support for young adolescents’ motivation, engagement and school belonging. RMLE Online, 38(8), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1080/19404476.2015.11641184
Korkiamäki, R., & Ellonen, N. (2011). Ikätoverisuhteet sosiaalisina resursseina yläkouluiässä. Nuorisotutkimus, 28(3), 18–35.
Korpershoek, H. (2016). Relationships among motivation, commitment, cognitive capacities and academic achievement in secondary education. Frontline Learning Research, 4(3), 28–43. https://doi.org/10.14786/flr.v4i3.182
Kraus, M., & Park, J. (2014). The undervalued self: Social class and self-evaluation. Frontiers in Psychology, 5(1–9), 1404. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2014.01404
Krosnick, J. (1999). Survey research. Annual Review of Psychology, 50(1), 537–567. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.50.1.537
Lehti, H., & Laaninen, M. (2020). Perhetaustan yhteys oppimistuloksiin Suomessa PISA-ja rekisteriaineistojen valossa. SocArXiv. September 23. DOI:10.31235/osf.io/zrhqc.
Ma, X. (2003). Sense of belonging to school: Can schools make a difference? The Journal of Educational Research, 96(6), 340–349. https://doi.org/10.1080/00220670309596617
Maslow, A. H. (1943). A theory of human motivation. Psychological Review, 50(4), 370–396. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0054346
McGregor, L., Mayleben, M., Buzzanga, V., Davis, S., & Becker, A. (1991). Selected personality characteristics of first-generation college students. College Student Journal, 25(2), 231–234.
Merikukka, M., Ristikari, T., & Kiilakoski, T. (2019). Suojaako yläkouluikäisten nuorten osallisuuden kokemus koulussa lyhyeltä koulutuspolulta? Yhteiskuntapolitiikka, 84(4), 403–415.
Murray M. (2004). Freaks, geeks, and cool kids. American teenagers, schools, and the culture of consumption (1st Ed.). Imprint Routledge.
Niemiec, C., & Ryan, R. (2009). Autonomy, competence and relatedness in the classroom: Applying self-determination theory to classroom practice. Theory and Research in Education, 7(2), 133–144. https://doi.org/10.1177/1477878509104318
Nordhagen, R., Nielsen, A., Stigum, H., & Kohler, L. (2005). Parental reported bullying among Nordic children: A population-based study. Child Care Health and Development, 31(6), 693–701. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2214.2005.00559.x
Österman, K. (2000). Students’ need for belonging in the school community. Review of Educational Research, 70(3), 323–367. https://doi.org/10.2307/1170786
Ostrove, J., & Long, S. (2007). Social class and belonging: Implications for college adjustment. The Review of Higher Education, 30(4), 363–389. https://doi.org/10.1353/rhe.2007.0028
Pittman, L., & Richmond, A. (2007). Academic and psychological functioning in late adolescence: The importance of school belonging. The Journal of Experimental Education, 75(4), 270–290. https://doi.org/10.3200/JEXE.75.4.270-292
Plenty, S., & Mood, C. (2016). Money, peers and parents: Social and economic aspects of inequality in youth wellbeing. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 45(7), 1294–1308.
Pugh, A. (2009). Longing and belonging. Parents, children and consumer culture. University of California Press.
Ream, R., & Rumberger, R. (2008). Student engagement, peer social capital, and school dropout among Mexican American and non-Latino white students. Sociology of Education, 81(2), 109–139. https://doi.org/10.1177/003804070808100201
Redmond, G. (2009). Review article. Children as actors. How does the child perspectives literature treat agency in the context of poverty? Social Policy & Society, 8(4), 541–550.
Resnick, M., Bearman, P., Blum, R., Bauman, K., Harris, K., Jones, J., Tabor, J., Beuhring, T., Sieving, R., Shew, M., Ireland, M., Bearinger, L., & Udry, J. (1997). Protecting adolescents from harm: Findings from the national longitudinal study on adolescent health, The Journal of the American Medical Association., 278(10), 823–832. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.278.10.823
Ridge T. (2002). Childhood poverty and social exclusion: From a child’s perspective. Policy Press.
Ridge, T. (2011). The everyday costs of poverty in childhood. A review of qualitative research exploring the lives and experiences of low-income children in the UK. Children & Society, 25(1), 73–84.
Roorda, D., Koomen, H., Spilt, J., & Oort, F. (2011). The influence of affective teacher-student relationships on students’ school engagement and achievement: A meta-analytic approach. Review of Educational Research, 81(4), 493–529. https://doi.org/10.3102/0034654311421793
Ryan, R. & Deci, E. (2009). Promoting self-determined school engagement: Motivation, learning, and well-being. In Wentzel, K. & Miele, D. (Eds.), Handbook on motivation at school, 171–196. Routledge.
Ryan, A., & Patrick, H. (2001). The classroom social environment and changes in adolescents’ motivation and engagement during middle school. American Educational Research Journal, 38(2), 437–460. https://doi.org/10.3102/00028312038002437
Salmivalli, C. (2005). Kaverien kanssa. Vertaissuhteet ja sosiaalinen kehitys. PS-Kustannus.
Sen, A. (1983). Poor, relatively speaking. Oxford Economic Papers, New Series, 35(2), 153–169.
Stephens, N., Hamedani, M., & Destin, M. (2014). Closing the social-class achievement gap: A difference-education intervention improves first generation students’ academic performance and all students’ college transition. Psychological Science, 25(4), 943–953. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797613518349
SVT (2018). Koulutuksen keskeyttäminen. ISSN=1798–9280. 2018. Tilastokeskus [17.6.2021]. http://www.stat.fi/til/kkesk/2018/kkesk_2018_2020-03-12_tie_001_fi.html
SVT (2019). Opintojen kulku. ISSN=1799–1005. 2019. Tilastokeskus [17.6.2021]. http://www.stat.fi/til/opku/2019/opku_2019_2019-03-14_tie_001_fi.html
Terenzini, P. (1996). First-generation college students: Characteristics, experiences, and cognitive development. Research in Higher Education, 37(1), 1–22.
Twenge, J., & Campbell, W. (2002). Self-esteem and socioeconomic status: A meta-analytic review. Personality & Social Psychology Review, 6(1), 59–71. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327957pspr0601
Wang, M., & Holcombe, R. (2010). Adolescents’ perceptions of school environment, engagement, and academic achievement in middle school. American Educational Research Journal, 47(3), 633–662. https://doi.org/10.3102/0002831209361209
Wellman, B., Haase, A., Witte, J., & Hampton, K. (2001). Does the Internet increase, decrease, or supplement social capital? Social networks, participation, and community commitment. American Behavioral Scientist, 45(3), 436–455.
Willms, J. (2003). Student engagement at school: A sense of belonging and participation: Results from PISA 2000. OECD Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1787/9789264018938-en.
Zhao, L., Lu, Y., Wang, B., Chau, P., & Zhang, L. (2012). Cultivating the sense of belonging and motivating user participation in virtual communities: A social capital perspective. International Journal of Information Management, 32(6), 574–588. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2012.02.006