Exposure assessment of lead to workers and children in the battery recycling craft village, Dong Mai, Vietnam
Tóm tắt
Human exposure to lead (Pb) due to uncontrolled Pb-acid battery recycling has been an environmental health issue in newly developed industrial regions. We conducted a human monitoring survey in Dong Mai, a battery recycling village in Vietnam, to assess exposure status to Pb. Lead level was measured in hair, blood and urine samples of residents in Dong Mai and two reference sites during 4 years spanning 2007–2011. In Dong Mai, Pb levels in three matrixes were significantly higher than those in reference sites. Blood Pb levels of all adults and children exceeded 10 μg/dL, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention definition of an elevated blood Pb level. Clear increase of urinary δ-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) level with increasing blood Pb level indicated disruption of heme synthesis. One adult exceeded 100 μg/dL of blood Pb, where encephalopathy is of concern. The blood Pb levels achieved various toxic effect threshold values, and elevated blood Pb was not limited to recycling workers, but was also in children and women of reproductive age. Serious pollution status of Dong Mai village suggests an importance of further monitoring surveys in various developing Asian countries.
Tài liệu tham khảo
Haefliger P, Mathieu-Nolf M, Lociciro S, Ndiaye C, Coly M, Diouf A, Faye AL, Sow A, Tempowski J, Pronczuk J, Filipe Junior AP, Bertollini R, Neira M (2009) Mass lead intoxication from informal used lead-acid battery recycling in Dakar, Senegal. Environ Health Perspect 117:1535–1540
Perry G, Amod KP (2011) Lead exposure in battery manufacturing and recycling in developing countries and among children in nearby communities. J Occup Environ Hyg 8:520–532
International Monetary Fund (2011) World economic outlook. http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2011/02/pdf/text.pdf
URENCO Environment, Vietnam (2007) The development of e-waste inventory in Vietnam http://archive.basel.int/techmatters/e_wastes/E-waste%20Inventory%20in%20Vietnam.pdf
Chia SE, Zhou H, Tham MT, Yap E, Dong NV, Tu NTH, Chia KS (2005) Possible influence of δ-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase polymorphism and susceptibility to renal toxicity of lead: a study of a Vietnamese population. Environ Health Perspect 113:1313–1317
VietNamNet Bridge (2012) Collecting fumes from lead smelting—why not? http://english.vietnamnet.vn/fms/environment/19756/collecting-fumes-from-lead-smelting---why-not-.html. Accessed 9th Dec 2012
Korean Environment Institute and the World Bank (2003) Environmental management for traditional craft villages in Vietnam. Environmental briefing note. http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTEAPREGTOPENVIRONMENT/Resources/Envi_Man_Craft_Viet.pdf
Tanabe S (2006) Environmental specimen bank in Ehime University (es-BANK), Japan for global monitoring. J Environ Monit 8:782–790
Okamoto K, Morita M, Quan H, Uehiro T, Fuwa K (1985) Preparation and certification of human hair powder reference material. Clin Chem 31:1592–1597
Foo SC, Khoo NY, Heng A, Chua LH, Chia SE, Ong CN, Ngim CH, Jeyaratnam J (1993) Metals in hair as biological indices for exposure. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 65:S83–S86
Wasiak W, Ciszewska W, Ciszewski A (1996) Hair analysis. Part 1: differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetric determination of lead, cadmium, zinc and copper in human hair samples of persons in permanent contact with a polluted workplace environment. Anal Chim Acta 335:201–207
Williams G, Hall L, Addae J (1998) Increase in hair lead, but not blood lead content of occupationally-exposed workers. Environ Geochem Health 20:239–243
Matte TD, Figueroa JP, Ostrowski S, Burr G, Jackson-Hunt L, Keenlyside RA, Baker EL (1989) Lead poisoning among household members exposed to lead-acid battery repair shops in Kingston, Jamaica. Int J Epidemiol 18:874–881
Chuang HY, Lee ML, Chao KY, Wang JD, Hu H (1999) Relationship of blood lead levels to personal hygiene habits in lead battery workers: Taiwan, 1991–1997. Am J Ind Med 35:595–603
Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2007) ToxGuide™ for lead http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxguides/toxguide-13.pdf
Nordman CH, Hernberg S (1975) Blood lead levels and erythrocyte δ-amino-levulinic acid dehydratase activity of selected population groups in Helsinki. Scand J Work Environ Health 1:219–232
Moor MR, Meredith PA, Goldberg A (1980) Lead and heme biosynthesis. In: Signhal RA, Thomas JA (eds) Lead toxicity. Urban and Schwarzenberg, Baltimore, pp 79–117
Higashikawa K, Furuki K, Takada S, Okamoto S, Ukai H, Yuasa T, Ikeda M (2000) Blood lead level to induce significant increase in urinary δ-aminolevulinic acid level among lead-exposed workers: a statistical approach. Ind Health 38:181–188
Goyer RA (1993) Lead toxicity: current concerns. Environ Health Perspect 100:177–187
National Toxicology Program (2012) NTP monograph on health effects of low-level lead. http://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/NTP/ohat/Lead/Final/MonographHealthEffectsLowLevelLead_prepublication_508.pdf
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2012) Low level lead exposure harms children: a renewed call for primary prevention. http://www.cdc.gov/nceh/lead/ACCLPP/Final_Document_030712.pdf
Gulson BL, Mizon KJ, Korsch MJ, Palmer JM, Donnelly JB (2003) Mobilization of lead from human bone tissue during pregnancy and lactation -a summary of long-term research. Sci Total Environ 303:79–104
Tellez-Rojo MM, Hernandez-Avila M, Gonzalez-Cossio T, Romieu I, Aro A, Palazuelos E, Schwartz J, Hu H (2002) Impact of breastfeeding on the mobilization of lead from bone. Am J Epidemiol 155:420–428
Pilsner JR, Hu H, Ettinger A, Sánchez BN, Wright RO, Cantonwine D, Lazarus A, Lamadrid-Figueroa H, Mercado-García A, Téllez-Rojo MM, Hernández-Avila M (2009) Influence of prenatal lead exposure on genomic methylation of cord blood DNA. Environ Health Perspect 117:1466–1471
Andrews KW, Savitz DA, Hertz-Picciotto I (1994) Prenatal lead exposure in relation to gestational age and birth weight: a review of epidemiologic studies. Am J Ind Med 26:13–32
Jelliffe-Pawlowski LL, Miles SQ, Courtney JG, Materna B, Charlton V (2006) Effect of magnitude and timing of maternal pregnancy blood lead (Pb) levels on birth outcomes. J Perinatol 26:154–162
Rich-Edwards JW, Stampfer MJ, Manson JE, Rosner B, Hankinson SE, Colditz GA, Willett WC, Hennekens CH (1976) Birth weight and risk of cardiovascular disease in a cohort of women followed up since 1976. BMJ 315:396–400
Graziano JH, Lolacono NJ, Meyer P (1988) Dose-response study of oral 2, 3-dimercaptosuccinic acid in children with elevated blood lead concentrations. J Pediatr 113:751–757
Jones DE, Diop A, Block M, Smith-Jones A, Smith-Jones A (2011) Assessment and remediation of lead contamination in Senegal. J Health Pollut 1:37–47