Evidence-based practices for safe patient handling and movement

citation_title=Comprehensive back injury program: An ergonomics approach for controlling back injuries in healthcare facilities; citation_inbook_title=Trends in ergonomics/human factors V.; citation_publication_date=1988; citation_id=CR1; citation_author=J.W. Aird; citation_author=P. Nyran; citation_author=G. Roberts; citation_publisher=Elselvier (North Holland Division) citation_journal_title=Professional Safety; citation_title=The effectiveness of back belts on occupational back injuries and worker perception; citation_author=A. Alexander, S.M. Woolley, M. Bisesi; citation_volume=10; citation_publication_date=1995; citation_pages=22-26; citation_id=CR2 American Nurses Association (ANA). (2003). Position Statement on Elimination of Manual Patient Handling to Prevent Work-Related Musculoskeletal Disorders. Retrieved July 20, 2004, from the world wide web at: www.nursingworld.org/readroom/position/workplac/pathand.pdf citation_title=Back pain and occupation; citation_inbook_title=The lumbar spine and back pain; citation_publication_date=1980; citation_id=CR4; citation_author=J. Anderson; citation_publisher=Pitman Medical Ltd. Ballard, J. (1994, November/December). District nurses—who's looking after them? Occupational Health Review, pp. 10–16. citation_title=Patient lifting devices in hospitals; citation_publication_date=1984; citation_id=CR6; citation_author=F. Bell; citation_publisher=Croom Helm citation_journal_title=International Journal of Nursing Studies; citation_title=Ergonomic aspects of equipment; citation_author=F. Bell; citation_volume=24; citation_publication_date=1987; citation_pages=331-337; citation_id=CR7 citation_journal_title=Ergonomics; citation_title=Hospital ward patient-lifting tasks; citation_author=F. Bell, M. Dalgity, M. Fennell, R. Aitken; citation_volume=22; citation_issue=11; citation_publication_date=1979; citation_pages=1257-1273; citation_id=CR8 citation_journal_title=International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics; citation_title=Manual handling injuries in health care workers; citation_author=N. Bewick, D. Gardner; citation_volume=6; citation_publication_date=2000; citation_pages=209-221; citation_id=CR9 citation_journal_title=British Journal of Nursing; citation_title=Moving and handing practice in neurodisability nursing; citation_author=S.L. Billin; citation_volume=7; citation_issue=10; citation_publication_date=1998; citation_pages=571-8; citation_id=CR10 citation_journal_title=Orthopaedic Nursing; citation_title=Preventing back injury among nurses; citation_author=C.L. Blue; citation_volume=15; citation_publication_date=1996; citation_pages=9-22; citation_id=CR11 citation_journal_title=Applied Ergonomics; citation_title=Physiological effects of back belt wearing during asymmetric lifting; citation_author=T.G. Bobick, J.L. Beland, H. Hsiao, J.T. Wassell; citation_volume=32; citation_issue=6; citation_publication_date=2001; citation_pages=541-547; citation_id=CR12 citation_journal_title=Archive of Physical Medicine Rehabilitation; citation_title=Horizontal transfers between adjacent surfaces: forces required using different methods; citation_author=R. Bohannon; citation_volume=80; citation_publication_date=1999; citation_pages=851-853; citation_id=CR13 citation_journal_title=Journal of Rehabilitation Research and Development; citation_title=Reduced push forces accompany device use during transfers of seated subjects; citation_author=R. Bohannon, P. Grevelding; citation_volume=38; citation_publication_date=2001; citation_pages=135-139; citation_id=CR14 citation_title=Manual lifting and related fields. An annotated bibliography; citation_publication_date=1972; citation_id=CR15; citation_author=J. Brown; citation_publisher=Labor Safety Council of Ontario citation_journal_title=International Journal of Nursing Studies; citation_title=Epidemiological aspects of back within the nursing profession; citation_author=P. Buckle; citation_volume=24; citation_issue=4; citation_publication_date=1987; citation_pages=319-324; citation_id=CR16 Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS). (2002, December 19). Survey of occupational inquiries and illnesses, 2001. U.S. Department of Labor. Caska, B.A., & Patnode, R.E. (2000, September 26). Reducing lower back injuries in VAMC nursing personnel. Research Report No. 94-136 to the Veterans Health Administration. citation_journal_title=AAOHN Journal; citation_title=Feasibility of nurse staffed lift team; citation_author=B.A. Caska, R.E. Patnode, D. Clickner; citation_volume=46; citation_issue=6; citation_publication_date=1998; citation_pages=283-288; citation_id=CR19 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC): National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) (1997). Elements of ergonomic programs. Retrieved July 8, 2004, from the world wide web at: www.ede.gov/niosh/third. citation_journal_title=AAOHN Journal; citation_title=The lifting team: Second year data reported (News); citation_author=W. Charney; citation_volume=40; citation_issue=10; citation_publication_date=1992; citation_pages=503-503; citation_id=CR21 citation_journal_title=AAOHN Journal; citation_title=The lifting team method for reducing back injuries: A 10 hospital study; citation_author=W. Charney; citation_volume=45; citation_issue=6; citation_publication_date=1997; citation_pages=300-304; citation_id=CR22 citation_journal_title=Journal of Healthcare Safety, Complicance, and Infection Control; citation_title=Reducing back injury in nursing: A case study using mechanical equipment and a hospital transport team as a lift team; citation_author=W. Charney; citation_volume=4; citation_issue=3; citation_publication_date=2000; citation_pages=117-120; citation_id=CR23 citation_journal_title=AAOHN Journal; citation_title=The lifting team: A design method to reduce lost time back injury in nursing; citation_author=W. Charney, K. Zimmerman, E. Walara; citation_volume=39; citation_issue=5; citation_publication_date=1991; citation_pages=231-234; citation_id=CR24 citation_journal_title=Injury Prevention; citation_title=An evaluation of “Best Practices” musculoskeletal injury prevention program in nursing homes; citation_author=J.W. Collins, L. Wolf, J. Bell, B. Evanoff; citation_volume=10; citation_publication_date=2004; citation_pages=206-211; citation_id=CR25 citation_title=Occupational back pain in nursing. Development, implementation and evaluation of a comprehensive prevention program; citation_publication_date=1990; citation_id=CR26; citation_author=M. Collins; citation_publisher=Worksafe Australia, National Occupational Health and Safety Commission citation_title=The guide to handling patients; citation_publication_date=1993; citation_id=CR27; citation_author=E.N. Corlett; citation_author=P.V. Lloyd; citation_author=C. Tarling; citation_author=J.D.G. Troup; citation_author=B. Wright; citation_publisher=National Back Pain Association and the Royal College of Nursing citation_journal_title=The New England Journal of Medicine; citation_title=A controlled trial of an educational program to prevent low back injuries; citation_author=L. Daltroy; citation_volume=337; citation_publication_date=1997; citation_pages=322-328; citation_id=CR28 citation_journal_title=Journal of Healthcare Safety, Compliance and Infection Control; citation_title=Birth of a lift team: Experience and statistical analysis; citation_author=A. Davis; citation_volume=5; citation_issue=1; citation_publication_date=2001; citation_pages=15-18; citation_id=CR29 citation_journal_title=Nursing Times; citation_title=Lifting and moving patient's revision training programme; citation_author=J. Daws; citation_volume=77; citation_issue=48; citation_publication_date=1981; citation_pages=2067-2069; citation_id=CR30 citation_journal_title=Applied Ergonomics; citation_title=Biomechanical analysis of peak and cumulative spinal loads during patient handling activities: a sub-study of a randomized controlled trial to prevent lift and transfer injury health care workers; citation_author=D. Daynard, A. Yassi, J.E. Cooper, R. Tate, R. Norman, R. Wells; citation_volume=32; citation_publication_date=2001; citation_pages=199-214; citation_id=CR31 citation_journal_title=Scandinavian Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine; citation_title=Back symptoms in nursing assistants in a geriatric hospital; citation_author=O. Dehlin, B. Hedenrud, J. Horal; citation_volume=8; citation_issue=2; citation_publication_date=1976; citation_pages=47-53; citation_id=CR32 citation_journal_title=Scandinavian Journal of Work. Environment & Health; citation_title=Effect of individually chosen bed-height adjustments on the low-back stress of nurses; citation_author=M.P. Looze, E. Zinzen, D. Caboor; citation_volume=20; citation_publication_date=1994; citation_pages=427-434; citation_id=CR33 citation_journal_title=Journal of Healthcare Safety, Compliance and Infection Control; citation_title=Lift team intervention: A six year picture; citation_author=A.W. Donaldson; citation_volume=4; citation_issue=2; citation_publication_date=2000; citation_pages=65-68; citation_id=CR34 citation_journal_title=Ergonomics; citation_title=Physical workload of ambulance assistants; citation_author=M. Doormaal, A. Driessen, J. Landeweerd, M.R. Drost; citation_volume=38; citation_issue=2; citation_publication_date=1995; citation_pages=361-376; citation_id=CR35 citation_journal_title=Safety Science; citation_title=Back injuries among nursing personnel—identification of work conditions with cluster analysis; citation_author=I-L. Engkvist, A. Kjellberg, H.E. Wigaeus, M. Hagberg, E. Menckel, L. Ekenvall; citation_volume=37; citation_publication_date=2001; citation_pages=1-18; citation_id=CR36 citation_journal_title=American Journal of Industrial Medicine; citation_title=Reduction in injury rates in nursing personnel through introduction of mechanical lifts in the workplace; citation_author=B. Evanoff, L. Wolf, E. Aton, J. Canos, J. Collins; citation_volume=44; citation_publication_date=2003; citation_pages=451-457; citation_id=CR37 citation_journal_title=Revue Du Rhumatisme (Eng. Ed.); citation_title=Evaluation of an educational low back pain prevention program for hospital employees; citation_author=S. Fanello, V. Frampas-Chotard, Y. Roquelaure; citation_volume=66; citation_issue=12; citation_publication_date=1999; citation_pages=711-716; citation_id=CR38 citation_journal_title=Journal of Occupational Medicine; citation_title=The back injury prevention project pilot study: Assessing the effectiveness of back attack, an injury prevention program among nurses, aides, and orderlies; citation_author=A. Feldstein, B. Valanis, W. Vollmer, N. Stevens, C. Overton; citation_volume=35; citation_publication_date=1993; citation_pages=114-120; citation_id=CR39 citation_journal_title=AAOHN Journal; citation_title=Addressing occupational strains and sprains: musculoskeletal injuries in hospitals; citation_author=G. Fragala, L.P. Bailey; citation_volume=51; citation_issue=6; citation_publication_date=2003; citation_pages=252-259; citation_id=CR40 citation_journal_title=Journal of Occupational Health & Safety—Australia & New Zealand; citation_title=Injuries to ambulance officers caused by patient handling tasks; citation_author=S. Furber, H. Moore, M. Williamson, J. Barry; citation_volume=13; citation_issue=3; citation_publication_date=1997; citation_pages=259-265; citation_id=CR41 citation_journal_title=Ergonomics; citation_title=Mechanical work and energy transfers while turning patients in bed; citation_author=M. Gagnon, F. Akre, A. Chehade, F. Kemp, M. Lortie; citation_volume=30; citation_publication_date=1987; citation_pages=1515-1530; citation_id=CR42 citation_journal_title=Ergonomics; citation_title=Lumbo-sacral loads and selected muscle activity while turning patients in bed; citation_author=M. Gagnon, A. Chehade, F. Kemp, M. Lortie; citation_volume=30; citation_publication_date=1987; citation_pages=1013-1032; citation_id=CR43 citation_journal_title=La Travail Humain; citation_title=Evolution of the execution parameters on a patient handling task; citation_author=M. Gagnon, D. Roy, M. Lortie, R. Roy; citation_volume=51; citation_publication_date=1988; citation_pages=193-210; citation_id=CR44 citation_journal_title=AORN Journal; citation_title=Reducing employee back injuries in the perioperative setting; citation_author=J.R. Garb, C.A. Dockery; citation_volume=61; citation_issue=6; citation_publication_date=1995; citation_pages=1046-1052; citation_id=CR45 citation_journal_title=Ergonomics; citation_title=Reducing back stress to nursing personnel: An ergonomic intervention in a nursing home; citation_author=A. Garg, B. Owen; citation_volume=35; citation_issue=11; citation_publication_date=1992; citation_pages=1353-1375; citation_id=CR46 citation_journal_title=Ergonomics; citation_title=A biomechanical and ergonomic evaluation of patient transferring tasks: Bed to wheelchair and wheelchair to bed; citation_author=A. Garg, B. Owen, D. Beller, J. Banaag; citation_volume=34; citation_publication_date=1991; citation_pages=289-312; citation_id=CR47 citation_journal_title=Ergonomics; citation_title=A biomechanical and ergonomic evaluation of patient transferring tasks: wheelchair to shower chair and shower chair to wheelchair; citation_author=A. Garg, B. Owen, D. Beller, J. Banaag; citation_volume=34; citation_publication_date=1991; citation_pages=407-419; citation_id=CR48 citation_journal_title=Transactions of the Orthopedic Research Society; citation_title=Investigation of the effect of intra-abdominal pressure on the load bearing of the spine; citation_author=L.G. Gilbertons, M.H. Krag, M.H. Pope; citation_volume=8; citation_publication_date=1983; citation_pages=177-177; citation_id=CR49 citation_journal_title=Spine; citation_title=The mechanism of the lumbar spine; citation_author=S. Gracovetsky, H.F. Farfan, C. Lamy; citation_volume=6; citation_publication_date=1981; citation_pages=249-262; citation_id=CR50 citation_journal_title=British Journal of Nursing; citation_title=Study of the moving and handling practices on two medical wards; citation_author=C. Green; citation_volume=5; citation_publication_date=1996; citation_pages=303-311; citation_id=CR51 citation_journal_title=American Journal of Industrial Medicine; citation_title=Personal history, training and worksite as predictors of back pain of nurses; citation_author=P. Harper, L. Pena, P. Hsu, E. Billet, D. Greer, K. Kim; citation_volume=25; citation_publication_date=1994; citation_pages=519-526; citation_id=CR52 citation_journal_title=Physiotherapy; citation_title=Ergonomics and back pain; citation_author=C. Hayne; citation_volume=70; citation_issue=1; citation_publication_date=1984; citation_pages=9-13; citation_id=CR53 citation_title=Transfer and lifts for caregivers; citation_publication_date=1986; citation_id=CR54; citation_publisher=HCOSHA Publications citation_journal_title=Scandinavian Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine; citation_title=Intra-abdominal pressure and trunk muscle activity during lifting; citation_author=B. Hemborg, U. Moritz; citation_volume=17; citation_publication_date=1985; citation_pages=5-13; citation_id=CR55 citation_journal_title=Journal of Advanced Nursing; citation_title=Work-related back pain in nurses; citation_author=S. Hignett; citation_volume=23; citation_issue=6; citation_publication_date=1996; citation_pages=1238-1246; citation_id=CR56 citation_journal_title=Nursing Standard; citation_title=Evidence-based patient handling: systematic review; citation_author=S. Hignett, E. Crumpton, S. Ruszala, P. Alexander, M. Fray, B. Fletcher; citation_volume=17; citation_issue=33; citation_publication_date=2003; citation_pages=33-36; citation_id=CR57 citation_journal_title=AAOHN Journal; citation_title=The impact of new lifting technology in long-term care; citation_author=P.J. Holliday, G.R. Fernie, S. Plowman; citation_volume=42; citation_publication_date=1994; citation_pages=582-589; citation_id=CR58 citation_journal_title=Nursing Standard; citation_title=Back pain in nursing and associated factors: A study; citation_author=R. Hollingdale, J. Warin; citation_volume=11; citation_issue=39; citation_publication_date=1997; citation_pages=35-38; citation_id=CR59 citation_journal_title=Applied Ergonomics; citation_title=Evaluation of physiological work demands and low back neuromuscular fatigue on nurses working in geriatric wards; citation_author=L. Hui, G.Y.F. Ng, S.S.M. Yeung, C.W.Y. Hui-Chan; citation_volume=32; citation_publication_date=2001; citation_pages=479-483; citation_id=CR60 citation_journal_title=Ergonomics; citation_title=Prevalence of back pain and characteristics of the physical workload of community nurses; citation_author=J.J. Knibbe, R.D. Friele; citation_volume=39; citation_publication_date=1996; citation_pages=186-198; citation_id=CR61 citation_title=Postural load of nurses during bathing and showering of patients; citation_publication_date=1995; citation_id=CR62; citation_author=N. Knibbe; citation_author=J.J. Knibbe; citation_publisher=Locomotion Health Consultancy citation_journal_title=The American Journal of Occupational Therapy; citation_title=Healthcare concerns related to lifting: An inside look at intervention strategies; citation_author=K. Laflin, D. Aja; citation_volume=1; citation_publication_date=1994; citation_pages=63-72; citation_id=CR63 citation_journal_title=AAOHN Journal; citation_title=Evaluation of a 3-year education and training program for nursing personnel at a Swedish hospital; citation_author=M. Lagerstrom, M. Hagberg; citation_volume=45; citation_publication_date=1997; citation_pages=83-92; citation_id=CR64 citation_journal_title=Applied Ergonomics; citation_title=An ergonomic evaluation of a patient handling device: The elevate and transfer vehicle; citation_author=C. Bon, C. Forrester; citation_volume=28; citation_publication_date=1997; citation_pages=365-374; citation_id=CR65 citation_journal_title=Ergonomics; citation_title=The effect of abdominal muscle fatigue and training on the intra-abdominal pressure developed during lifting; citation_author=S.J. Legg; citation_volume=24; citation_publication_date=1981; citation_pages=191-195; citation_id=CR66 Lloyd, J., & Baptiste, A. (2004). Biomechanical evaluation of friction-reducing devices for lateral patient transfers. Research Rehabilitation & Development Journal. citation_journal_title=AIHAJ: Journal for the Science of Occupational & Environmental Health & Safety; citation_title=Short-term efficacy of back injury intervention project for patient care providers at one hospital; citation_author=R.M. Lynch, A. Freund; citation_volume=61; citation_publication_date=2000; citation_pages=290-294; citation_id=CR68 Manual Handling Operations Regulations, (1992). London: The Stationery Office. citation_journal_title=Ergonomics; citation_title=A comprehensive analysis of low-back disorder risk and spinal loading during the transferring and repositioning of patients using different techniques; citation_author=W.S. Marras, K.G. Davis, B.C. Kirking, P.K. Bertsche; citation_volume=42; citation_issue=7; citation_publication_date=1999; citation_pages=904-926; citation_id=CR70 citation_journal_title=Spine; citation_title=Measurements of loads on the lumbar spine under isometric and isokinetic conditions; citation_author=W.S. Marras, A.I. King, R.L. Joynt; citation_volume=9; citation_issue=2; citation_publication_date=1984; citation_pages=176-187; citation_id=CR71 citation_journal_title=Spine; citation_title=The role of the dynamic three-dimensional trunk motion in occupationally-related low back disorders; citation_author=W.S. Marras, S.A. Lavender, S.E. Leurgans; citation_volume=18; citation_issue=5; citation_publication_date=1993; citation_pages=617-628; citation_id=CR72 citation_journal_title=Proceedings of the IEA 2000/HFES 2000 Congress, The Human Factors and Ergonomics Society, California: Santa Monica; citation_title=The contribution of ergonomics to the prevention of musculoskeletal lesions among ambulance technicians; citation_author=R. Massad, C. Gambin, L. Duval; citation_volume=4; citation_publication_date=2000; citation_pages=201-204; citation_id=CR73 citation_journal_title=Spine; citation_title=Partitioning of the L4/L5 dynamic moment into disc, ligamentous and muscular components during lifting; citation_author=S.M. McGill, R.W. Norman; citation_volume=11; citation_issue=7; citation_publication_date=1986; citation_pages=666-678; citation_id=CR74 citation_journal_title=Nursing Standard; citation_title=An assessment of moving and handling practices among Scottish nurses; citation_author=T. McGuire, J. Dewar; citation_volume=9; citation_publication_date=1995; citation_pages=35-39; citation_id=CR75 citation_journal_title=Nursing Standard; citation_title=An evaluation of mechanical aids used within NHS; citation_author=T. McGuire, J. Moody, M. Hanson; citation_volume=11; citation_publication_date=1996; citation_pages=33-38; citation_id=CR76 citation_journal_title=Nursing Standard; citation_title=Managers attitudes towards mechanical aids; citation_author=T. McGuire, J. Moody, M. Hanson; citation_volume=11; citation_publication_date=1997; citation_pages=33-38; citation_id=CR77 citation_title=Slings to accompany mobile domestic hoists; citation_publication_date=1994; citation_id=CR78; citation_publisher=HMSO citation_journal_title=Journal of Healthcare Safety, Compliance and Infection Control; citation_title=The effect of focusing ergonomic risk factors on a patient transfer team to reduce incidents among nurses associated with patient care; citation_author=E.J. Meittunen, K. Matzke, H. McCormack, S.C. Sobczak; citation_volume=2; citation_issue=7; citation_publication_date=1999; citation_pages=306-312; citation_id=CR79 citation_journal_title=Pflege Aktuell; citation_title=Patient lifter in a practical test. A spine-saving aid or bulk in the storage room?; citation_author=E. Meyer; citation_volume=49; citation_publication_date=1995; citation_pages=597-600; citation_id=CR80 citation_journal_title=Nursing Standard; citation_title=A study of nurses' attitudes towards mechanical aids; citation_author=J. Moody, T. McGuire, M. Hanson; citation_volume=11; citation_publication_date=1996; citation_pages=37-42; citation_id=CR81 citation_title=The registered nurse population: Findings from the national sample survey of registered nurses; citation_publication_date=1992; citation_id=CR82; citation_publisher=U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, U.S. Public Health Service, Division of Nursing Musculoskeletal injury: A practical guide to resident handling (2003). Retrieved September 2, 2004 from the world wide web at www.interiorhealth.ca/Information/Documents/Documents?MSIP+Manual.htm. National Audit Office (NAO) (2003). A safer place to work: Improving the management of health and safety risks to staff in NHS trusts. Retrieved July 20, 2004, from www.nao.gov/uk/publications/nao_reports/02-03/0203623.pdf. National Institute of Occupational Safety & Health (NIOSH). (2001). National research agenda (NORA), 2001. Atlanta, GA: DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 2001-147. citation_title=Workplace use of back belts: Review and recommendations; citation_publication_date=1994; citation_id=CR86; citation_publisher=National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health citation_title=Unpublished research data from pilot study; citation_publication_date=1996; citation_id=CR87; citation_author=A. Nelson; citation_publisher=James A. Haley Veterans Administration Medical Center citation_title=Patient care ergonomics resource guide: Safe patient handling and movement; citation_publication_date=2001; citation_id=CR88; citation_publisher=Veterans Administration Patient Safety Center of Inquiry citation_title=Equipment for safe patient handling and movement; citation_inbook_title=Back injury among healthcare workers; citation_publication_date=2004; citation_pages=121-135; citation_id=CR89; citation_author=A.L. Nelson; citation_author=G. Fragala; citation_publisher=Lewis Publishers citation_journal_title=American Journal of Nursing; citation_title=Myths and facts about back injuries in Nursing; citation_author=A.L. Nelson, G. Fragala, N. Menzel; citation_volume=103; citation_publication_date=2003; citation_pages=32-40; citation_id=CR90 citation_journal_title=AAOHN Journal; citation_title=Preventing nursing back injuries: Redesigning patient handling tasks; citation_author=A.L. Nelson, J. Lloyd, N. Menzel, C. Gross; citation_volume=51; citation_issue=3; citation_publication_date=2003; citation_pages=126-134; citation_id=CR91 citation_journal_title=American Journal of Nursing; citation_title=Safe Patient Handling & Movement; citation_author=A.L. Nelson, B. Owen, J. Lloyd; citation_volume=103; citation_issue=3; citation_publication_date=2003; citation_pages=32-43; citation_id=CR92 citation_journal_title=Occupational Health (London); citation_title=Work-related back pain; citation_author=S. Newman, C. Callaghan; citation_volume=45; citation_publication_date=1993; citation_pages=201-205; citation_id=CR93 citation_title=An ergonomic evaluation into fabric slings used during the hoisting of patients; citation_publication_date=2000; citation_id=CR94; citation_author=L. Norton; citation_publisher=University of Nottingham citation_journal_title=International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics; citation_title=Effects of training in modifying working methods during common patienthandling activities; citation_author=M.A. Nussbaum, N. Torres; citation_volume=27; citation_publication_date=2001; citation_pages=33-41; citation_id=CR95 citation_title=An investigation of the use of ceiling mounted hoists for disabled people; citation_publication_date=1992; citation_id=CR96; citation_author=G. Olsson; citation_author=A. Brandt; citation_publisher=Danish Centre for Technical Aids for Rehabilitation and Education Owen, B. (1987). The need for application of ergonomic principles in nursing. Trends in Ergonomics: Human Factors IV, pp. 831–838. citation_journal_title=Western Journal of Nursing Research; citation_title=The magnitude of low-back problems in nursing; citation_author=B. Owen; citation_volume=11; citation_publication_date=1989; citation_pages=234-242; citation_id=CR98 citation_journal_title=AORN Journal; citation_title=Preventing injuries using an ergonomic approach; citation_author=B. Owen; citation_volume=72; citation_issue=6; citation_publication_date=2000; citation_pages=1031-1036; citation_id=CR99 citation_journal_title=AAOHN Journal; citation_title=Reducing risk for back pain in nursing personnel; citation_author=B. Owen, A. Garg; citation_volume=39; citation_publication_date=1991; citation_pages=24-33; citation_id=CR100 citation_journal_title=Surgical Services Management; citation_title=Decreasing the back injury problem in nursing personnel; citation_author=B.D. Owen; citation_volume=5; citation_issue=7; citation_publication_date=1999; citation_pages=15-21; citation_id=CR101 citation_journal_title=Journal of Healthcare Safety, Compliance, and Infection Control; citation_title=Patient handling tasks perceived to be most stressful by hospital nursing personnel; citation_author=B.D. Owen, K. Keene, S. Olson; citation_volume=5; citation_issue=1; citation_publication_date=2000; citation_pages=19-25; citation_id=CR102 citation_journal_title=International Journal of Nursing Studies; citation_title=An ergonomic approach to reducing back/shoulder stress in hospital nursing personnel: A five year follow up; citation_author=B.D. Owen, K. Keene, S. Olson; citation_volume=39; citation_issue=3; citation_publication_date=2002; citation_pages=295-302; citation_id=CR103 citation_title=An ergonomic approach to reducing back stress while carrying out patient handling tasks with a hospitalized patient; citation_inbook_title=Occupational Health for Health Care Workers; citation_publication_date=1995; citation_id=CR104; citation_author=B.D. Owen; citation_author=K. Keene; citation_author=S. Olson; citation_author=A. Garg; citation_publisher=ECOMED citation_journal_title=Home Healthcare Nursing Manual; citation_title=Approaches to decreasing back stress in homecare; citation_author=B.D. Owen, K. Staehler; citation_volume=21; citation_issue=3; citation_publication_date=2003; citation_pages=180-186; citation_id=CR105 Paraprofessional Health Institute (2003). Workforce strategies: Introducing peer mentoring in long-term care settings. Retrieved September 2, 2004 from the world wide web at www.paraprofessional.org/publications/Workforce Strategies2.pdf. citation_title=Occupational low back pain: Assessment, treatment and prevention; citation_publication_date=1991; citation_id=CR107; citation_author=M.H. Pope; citation_author=G.B. Andersson; citation_author=J.W. Frymoyer; citation_author=D.B. Chaffin; citation_publisher=Mosby-Year Book citation_journal_title=Journal of Advanced Nursing; citation_title=Manual handling activities and injuries among nurses: An Australian hospital study; citation_author=A. Retsas, J. Pinikahana; citation_volume=31; citation_publication_date=2000; citation_pages=875-883; citation_id=CR108 citation_journal_title=AAOHN Journal; citation_title=Effectiveness of installing overhead ceiling lifts; citation_author=L.A. Ronald, A. Yassi, J. Spiegel, R.B. Tate, D. Tait, M.R. Mozel; citation_volume=50; citation_publication_date=2002; citation_pages=120-126; citation_id=CR109 citation_title=RCN Code of Practice for Patient Handling; citation_publication_date=1996; citation_id=CR110; citation_publisher=Royal College of Nursing Schibye, B., & Skotte, J. (2000) The mechanical loads on the low back during different patient handling tasks. Proceedings of the IEA2000/HFES 2000 Congress, The Human Factors and Ergonomics Society, pp. 785–788. Santa Monica, CA. citation_journal_title=The Journal of Continuing Education in Nursing; citation_title=Comparison of classroom instruction and independent study in body mechanics; citation_author=M. Scopa; citation_volume=24; citation_issue=4; citation_publication_date=1993; citation_pages=170-3; citation_id=CR112 citation_journal_title=Dimensions of Health Service; citation_title=Creating back care awareness; citation_author=R Shaw; citation_volume=58; citation_issue=3; citation_publication_date=1981; citation_pages=32-33; citation_id=CR113 Shepherd, C. (2001), Summer), Dimensions of care: Ergonomics for the hospital setting. Occupational Health Tracker, 4(2). Retreived July 8, 2004, from the world wide web at: www.systoc.com/Tracker/Summer01/ErgonHosp.asp. citation_journal_title=Nursing; citation_title=Patient handling in the community; citation_author=C. Skarplik; citation_volume=3; citation_issue=30; citation_publication_date=1988; citation_pages=13-16; citation_id=CR115 citation_journal_title=Occupational and Environmental Medicine; citation_title=Manual handling activities and risk of low back pain in nurses; citation_author=J. Smedley, P. Egger, C. Cooper, D. Coggon; citation_volume=52; citation_publication_date=1995; citation_pages=160-165; citation_doi=10.1136/oem.52.3.160; citation_id=CR116 citation_journal_title=Journal of Occupational Medicine; citation_title=A study of three preventative approaches to low back injury; citation_author=S. Snook, R. Campanelli, J. Hart; citation_volume=20; citation_issue=7; citation_publication_date=1978; citation_pages=478-481; citation_id=CR117 citation_journal_title=Ergonomics; citation_title=Training in handling an evaluative study; citation_author=M. St. Vincent, C. Tellier, M. Lortie; citation_volume=32; citation_issue=2; citation_publication_date=1989; citation_pages=191-210; citation_id=CR118 citation_journal_title=Ergonomics; citation_title=Back pain in the nursing profession II. The effectiveness of training; citation_author=D. Stubbs, P. Buckle, M. Hudson, P. Rivers; citation_volume=26; citation_issue=8; citation_publication_date=1983; citation_pages=767-779; citation_id=CR119 citation_title=The lifting behavior of nurses—in their own words; citation_inbook_title=Proceedings 7th Cont. NZ Ergonomics Soc. 2–3 August 1996; citation_publication_date=1993; citation_pages=33-43; citation_id=CR120; citation_author=S. Switzer; citation_author=J.M. Porter; citation_publisher=New Zealand Ergonomics Society citation_journal_title=Ergonomics; citation_title=The handling of patients on geriatric wards; citation_author=E.P. Takala, R. Kukkonen; citation_volume=18; citation_publication_date=1987; citation_pages=17-17; citation_id=CR121 The state of the CDC, fiscal year 2003 (2nd ed.). (n.d.). Retrieved from the world wide web on September 2, 2004 from www.cdc.gov/CDC.pdf citation_journal_title=International Journal of Nursing Studies; citation_title=Ergonomics and training; citation_author=J.D. Troup, H.H. Rauhala; citation_volume=24; citation_issue=4; citation_publication_date=1987; citation_pages=325-330; citation_id=CR123 citation_journal_title=Geriaction; citation_title=Why manual handling should be eliminated for resident and career safety; citation_author=K. Tuohy-Main; citation_volume=15; citation_publication_date=1997; citation_pages=10-14; citation_id=CR124 U.S. Department of Health & Human Services, (1999, 23 November). Federal Register, Part II, Department of Labor, Occupational Safety and Health Administration, 29 CFR Part 1910; Ergonomics Program: Proposal Rule. U.S. Department of Labor, Occupational Safety and Health Administration. (2002). Ergonomics Guidelines for Nursing Homes. Retrieved June 22, 2003 from the world wide web at: www.osha.gov/ergonomics/guidelines/nursing home/final_nh_guidelines.html. citation_journal_title=AAOHN Journal; citation_title=Back injury prevention among nursing personnel; citation_author=P. Venning; citation_volume=36; citation_issue=8; citation_publication_date=1988; citation_pages=327-333; citation_id=CR127 citation_journal_title=Spine; citation_title=Low back pain in nurses and some loading factors of work; citation_author=T. Videman, T. Nurminen, S. Tolas, I. Kuorinka, H. Vanharanta, J. Troup; citation_volume=9; citation_issue=4; citation_publication_date=1984; citation_pages=400-404; citation_id=CR128 Villeneuve, J. (1988, January). The ceiling lift: an efficient way to prevent injuries to nursing staff. Journal of Healthcare Safety, Compliance & Infection Control, pp. 19–23. Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Environmental Health and Safety Services. Workplace ergonomics: Engineering controls. Retrieved July 8, 2004, from www. ehss.vt.edu/Programs/OHIH/Ergo/08_Engineering Controls.htm. citation_title=Registered nurses' lifting behaviour in the hospital setting; citation_inbook_title=Trends in Ergonomics/Human Factors IV; citation_publication_date=1987; citation_id=CR131; citation_author=J.E. Wachs; citation_author=J.E. Parker; citation_publisher=Elsevier Science Publishers, B.V. citation_journal_title=Journal of the American Medical Association; citation_title=A prospective study of back belts for prevention of back pain and injury; citation_author=J.T. Wassell, L.I. Gardner, D.P. Landsittel, J.J. Johnston, J.M. Johnston; citation_volume=284; citation_issue=21; citation_publication_date=2000; citation_pages=2727-2732; citation_id=CR132 citation_journal_title=British Journal of Perioperative Nursing; citation_title=Manual handling in the perioperative environment; citation_author=P. Wicker; citation_volume=10; citation_issue=5; citation_publication_date=2000; citation_pages=255-259; citation_id=CR133 citation_journal_title=Spine; citation_title=Design and evaluation of a back injury prevention program within a geriatric hospital; citation_author=D. Wood; citation_volume=12; citation_publication_date=1987; citation_pages=77-82; citation_id=CR134 citation_journal_title=Spine; citation_title=A randomized controlled trial to prevent patient lift and transfer injuries of healthcare workers; citation_author=A. Yassi, J.E. Cooper, R.B. Tate; citation_volume=26; citation_publication_date=2001; citation_pages=1739-1746; citation_id=CR135 citation_journal_title=The American Journal of Occupational Therapy; citation_title=Minimal forces to move patients; citation_author=J.P. Zelenka, A.E. Floren, J.J. Jordan; citation_volume=50; citation_publication_date=1996; citation_pages=354-361; citation_id=CR136