Evaluating groundwater quality and salinity dynamics in the Western-west area of El Minya Governorate, Egypt, based on geochemical modelling and multivariate analysis
Springer Science and Business Media LLC - Trang 1-11 - 2023
Tóm tắt
In the Western-west area of El Minya Governorate, Egypt, the present study investigates the water quality and salinity of 33 groundwater samples. The primary aim is to conduct a comprehensive evaluation of water purity and gain insights into salinity dynamics. The investigation involves a combination of geochemical analysis and multivariate statistics to reveal significant findings that contribute to our understanding of groundwater characteristics in the region. The collected groundwater samples are analyzed to assess various properties, including pH levels, mineral content, hardness, and salinity. The prevalence of sodium (Na) and chloride (Cl) ions emerges as a noteworthy aspect, implying their derivation from deeper aquifers through mechanisms like upward seepage or reverse ion exchange. The observation is validated through Durov's plot analysis. Concerning the suitability of the water for consumption, the study raises concerns. Apart from magnesium (Mg) ions, all other parameters exceed the acceptable drinking water limits defined by the World Health Organization (WHO), indicating potential health implications related to water quality in the region. Furthermore, outcomes from the saturation index reveal an oversaturation of groundwater with evaporites and carbonates, with halite and sylvite minerals standing as exceptions to this trend. Negative chloroalkaline ratios offer insights into the origins of excessive Na and Cl ions in 72% of the samples, pointing towards processes such as rainy recharging and reverse ion exchange as contributors. Gibbs' chart analysis highlights evaporite dissolution as the predominant process influencing water composition. The study also utilizes principal component analysis, identifying the dissolution of halite as the primary source of Na, K, Cl, and SO4 ions, while the presence of calcium (Ca) and bicarbonate (HCO3) ions originates from the dissolution of carbonate minerals, thereby influencing water hardness and salinity levels. Considering the findings, we recommend the dilution of groundwater with fresh water, assuming the absence of additional contaminants. This step is essential for enhancing water safety for drinking purposes. This research not only advances our understanding of water quality and salinity dynamics in the region but also underscores the imperative for implementing sustainable water resource management strategies. Furthermore, we propose that future investigations delve into the broader environmental ramifications of these discoveries, thus contributing to a more holistic comprehension of the complexities associated with groundwater quality and salinity.
Tài liệu tham khảo
Li P, Wu J, Qian H (2013) Assessement of groundwater quality for irrigation purpose and identification of hydro-geochemical evolution mechanisms in Pengyang County, China. Environ Earth Sci 69(7):2211–2225
Najib S, Fadili A, Mehdi K, Riss J, Makan A, Guessir H (2016) Salinization process and coastal groundwater in Chaouia, Morroco. J Afr Earth Sci 115:17–31
Moran-Ramirez J, Ruiz-Ledesma R, Mahlknecht J, Ramos-Leal JA (2016) Rockwater interactions and pollution processes in the volcanic aquifer system of Guadalajara, Mexico, using inverse geochemical modeling. Appl Geochem 68:79–94
Belkhiri L, Boudoukha A, Mouni L, Baouz T (2010) Application of multivariate statistical methods and inverse geochemical modeling for characterisation of groundwater—a case study: Ain Azel plain (Algeria). Geoderma 156(3–4):390–398
Honarvar B, Rahimi A, Safari M, Khajehahmadi S, Karimi M (2020) Smart water effects on a crude oil–brine–carbonate rock (CBR) system: further suggestions on mechanisms and conditions. J Mol Liq 299:112173. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molliq.2019.112173
Rendel PM, Mountain B, Feilberg KL (2022) Fluid–rock interaction during low-salinity water flooding of North Sea chalks. J Pet Sci Eng 214:110484. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.petrol.2022.110484
Mokhtari R, Anabaraonye BU, Afrough A, Mohammadkhani S, Feilberg KL (2022) Experimental investigation of low salinity water-flooding in tight chalk oil reservoirs. J Pet Sci Eng 208:109282. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.petrol.2021.109282
Huang T, Li Z, Long Y, Zhang F, Pang Z (2022) Role of desorption-adsorption and ion exchange in isotopic and chemical (Li, B, and Sr) evolution of water following water–rock interaction. J Hydrol 610:127800. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2022.127800
Huang T, Li Z, Mayer B, Nightingale M, Li X, Li G, Long Y, Pang Z (2020) Identification of geochemical processes during hydraulic fracturing of a shale gas reservoir: a controlled field and laboratory water-rock interaction experiment. Geophys Res Lett 47:e2020GL090420
Li P, Qian H, Wu J, Ding J (2010) Geochemical modeling of groundwater in southern plain area of Pengyang County, Ningxia, China. Water Sci Eng 3(3):282–291
Helgeson CH (1968) Evaluation of irreversible reactions in geochemical processes involving minerals ans aqueous solutions. I. Thermodynamic relations. Geochem Cosmochim Acta 32:853–877
M’Nassria S, Lucas Y, Schafer G, Dridia L, Majdoub R (2019) Coupled hydrogeochemical modelling using KIRMAT to assess water-rock interaction in a saline aquifer in central-eastern Tunisia. Appl Geochem 102(2019):229–242. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeochem.2019.01.018
Mohamed A, Asmoay A, Alshehri F, Abdelrady A, Othman A (2022) Hydro-geochemical applications and multivariate analysis to assess the water–rock interaction in arid environments. Appl Sci J 12(6343):1–13. https://doi.org/10.3390/app12136340
Mohamed A, Asmoay A, Alarifi Mohammed SM (2023) Simulation of surface and subsurface water quality in hyper-arid environments. Hydrology 10(4):86. https://doi.org/10.3390/hydrology10040086
Asmoay A, Mohamed A, Alshehri F, Linh NT, Al-Ansari N, Othman A (2023) Water quality assessment in dry regions using statistical methods. J King Saud Univ-Sci 35(5):102665. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jksus.2023.102665
Bouteraa O, Mebark A, Bouaicha F, Nouaceur Z, Laigne B (2019) Groundwater quality assessment using multivariate analysis, geostatistical modeling, and water quality index (WQI): a case of study in the Boumerzoug-El Khroub valley of Northeast Algeria. Acta Geochim 38(6):796–814. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11631-019-00329-x
Barkat A, Bouaicha F, Bouteraa O, Mester T, Ata B, Balla D, Rahal Z, Szabó G (2021) Assessment of complex terminal groundwater aquifer for different use of Oued Souf valley (Algeria) using multivariate statistical methods, geostatistical modeling, and water quality index. Water 13(11):1609. https://doi.org/10.3390/w13111609
Asmoay A, Mabrouk W (2023) Appraisal of rock–water interaction and frailty of groundwater to corrosion and salinization, northwestern Gulf of Suez, Egypt. J Umm Al-Qura Univ Appl Sci. https://doi.org/10.1007/s43994-023-00075-0
Benmarce K, Hadji R, Hamed Y, Zahri F, Zighmi K, Hamad A, Gentilucci M, Ncibi K, Besser H (2023) Hydrogeological and water quality analysis of thermal springs in the Guelma region of North-Eastern Algeria: a study using hydrochemical, statistical, and isotopic approaches. J Afr Earth Sci 205:105011
Brahmi S, Baali F, Hadji R, Brahmi S, Hamad A, Rahal O, Zerrouki H, Saadali B, Hamed Y (2021) Assessment of groundwater and soil pollution by leachate using electrical resistivity and induced polarization imaging survey, case of Tebessa municipal landfill, NE Algeria. Arab J Geosci 14(4):1–13
Hamad A, Abdeslam I, Fehdi C, Badreddine S, Mokadem N, Legrioui R et al (2021) Vulnerability characterization for multi-carbonate aquifer systems in semiarid climate, case of Algerian–Tunisian transboundary basin. Int J Energy Water Resour 6:67–80
Hamad A, Baali F, Hadji R, Zerrouki H, Besser H, Mokadem N, Legrioui R, Hamed Y (2018) Hydrogeochemical characterization of water mineralization in Tebessa-Kasserine karst system (Tuniso-Algerian Transboundary basin). Euro-Mediterr J Environ Integr 3(1):7
Hamed Y, Hadji R, Ahmadi R, Ayadi Y, Shuhab K, Pulido-Bosch A (2023) Hydrogeological investigation of karst aquifers using an integrated geomorphological, geochemical, GIS, and remote sensing techniques (Southern Mediterranean Basin—Tunisia). Environ Dev Sustain 2023:1–33
Ncibi K, Mastrocicco M, Colombani N, Busico G, Hadji R, Hamed Y, Shuhab K (2022) Differentiating nitrate origins and fate in a semi-arid basin (Tunisia) via geostatistical analyses and groundwater modelling. Water 14(24):4124
Mohamadi A, Dumdum A, Bouaicha F, Menani M (2021) Evaluation of the quality of groundwater for its appropriateness for irrigation purposes using Water Quality Index (WQI), Mchira-Teleghma aquifer case study, northeastern Algeria. Sustain Water Resour Manag 7:97. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40899-021-00571-3
Said R (1990) The geology of Egypt. Balkema Publ. Comp, Rotterdam
Shabana AR (2010) Hydrogiological studies on the area West Deir Mouas-Mallawi, El Minia governorate-Egypt. Egypt J Geol 54:61–78
Ibrahem SMM, Elalfy M, Hagras MA (2020) Groundwater potentials of Eocene Limestone Aquifer in West-West El-Minya Area, Egypt. Egypt Desert Res 70(1):59–82
APHA (2012) Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater, 22nd edn. American Public Health Association, American Water Works Association, Water Environment Federation, Washington
Sajjala SR, Al Dawery SK, Ahmed A, Al Sakiti AHH (2019) A comparative study for quality of local and imported commercially available bottled water brands. Int J Hum Cap Urban Manag 4(2):77–86
Kechiched R, Nezli IE, Foufou A, Belksier MS, Benhamida SA, Djeghoubbi R, Slamene N, Zaimeche OI (2020) Fluoride-bearing groundwater in the complex terminal aquifer (a case study in Hassi Messaoud area, southern Algeria): hydrochemical characterization and spatial distribution assessed by indicator kriging. Sustain Water Resour Manag 6:54
Deutsch WJ (1997) Groundwater Geochemistry: fundamentals and applications to contamination. Lewis Publishers, New York
Schoeller H (1977) Geochemistry of groundwater, chap. 15. In: Brown RH (ed) Groundwater studies an international guide for research and practice. UNESCO, Paris, pp 1–18
Collins AG (1975) Geochemistry of oilfield waters. Elsevier, Amsterdam
Gibbs RJ (1970) Mechanisms controlling World’s water chemistry. Science 170(3962):1088–1090
Marandia A, Shand P (2018) Groundwater chemistry and the Gibbs diagram. Appl Geochem 97:209–212
Detay M (1997) Water wells: implementation, maintenance, and restoration. Wiley, London
Hem JD (1992) Study and interpretation of chemical characteristics of natural water (3d edn). U.S. Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper 2254, 263 pp
Boyd CE (2000) Water quality: an introduction. Kluwer, Boston
Lloyd JW, Heathcote JA (1985) Natural inorganic hydrochemistry in relation to groundwater, an introduction. Clarence Press, Oxford
Asmoay ASA (2017) Hydrogeochemical studies on the water resources and soil characteristics in the Western Bank of the River Nile between Abu Qurqas and Dayr Mawas, El Minya Governorate, Egypt. Ph.D. Thesis, Fac Sci, Al-Azhar Univ, Egypt
Sabet H, El-Gohary A, Salman S, Asmoay A (2017) Evaluation of surface water for different uses in the area between Abu Qurqas - Dyer Mawas districts, El Minya Governorate, Egypt. Int J Innov Sci Eng Technol 4(1):120–128
WHO (2022) Guidelines for drinking-water quality: fourth edition incorporating the first and second addenda. ISBN 978-92-4-004506-4