Eskalierendes Commitment gegenüber Mitarbeitern: Ein Rahmenmodell

Aronson, E. & Osherow, N. (1980). Cooperation, prosocial behavior, and academic performance: Experiments in the desegregated classroom. In L. Bickman (Ed.) Applied Social Psychology Annual (pp. 163-196). Beverly Hills, Ca: Sage. Ashford, A.J. & Black, J.S. (1996). Proactivity during organizational entry: The role of desire for control. Journal of Applied Psychology, 81, 199–215. Bazerman, M.H., Beekum, R. I. & Schoorman, F.D. (1982). Performance evaluation in a dynamic context: A laboratory study of the impact of prior commitment to the ratee. Journal of Applied Psychology, 67, 873–876. Brockner, J. (1992). The escalation of commitment to a failing course of action: Toward theoretical progress. Academy of Management Review, 17, 39–61. Brockner, J. & Rubin, J.Z. (1985). Entrapment in escalating conflicts. New York: Springer. Caldwell, D. F.& O’Reilly, C. A. (1982). Responses to failure: The effects of choice and responsibility on impression management. Academy of Management Journal, 25, 121–136. Drummond, H. (1994). Escalation in organizational decision making. A case of recruiting an incompetent employee. Journal of Behavioral Decision Making, 7, 43–55. Galais, N. & Moser, K. (2001). Eintritt in die Arbeitswelt – Enttäuschte, erfüllte und übertroffene Erwartungen. Zeitschrift für Arbeitswissenschaft, 55, 179–186. Greenberg, J. (1996). ‘Forgive me, I’m new’: Three experimental demonstrations of the effects of attempts to excuse poor performance. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 66, 165–178. Heath, C. (1995). Escalation and de-escalation of commitment in response to sunk costs: The role of budgeting in mental accounting. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 62, 38–54. Jacob, H. (1995). Investitionsrechnung (4. Aufl.). Wiesbaden: Gabler. Kernan, M.C. & Lord, R.G. (1989). The effects of explicit goals and specific feedback on escalation processes. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 19, 1125–1143. Kirby, S. L. & Davis, M. A. (1998). A study of escalating commitment in principal-agent relationships : Effects of monitoring and personal responsibility. Journal of Applied Psychology, 83, 206–217. Klaas, B.S. & Dell’omo, G.G. (1997). Managerial use of dismissal: Organizational-level determinants. Personnel Psychology, 50, 927–953. Kleinbeck, U. (2004). Die Wirkung von Zielsetzungen auf die Leistung. In H. Schuler (Hrgs.), Beurteilung und Förderung beruflicher Leistung (2. Aufl., S. 216-237). Göttingen: Hogrefe. Kraft, A. (2004). Entscheidungen nach Misserfolg: Möglichkeiten der Deeskalation. Nürnberg: Mielentz. Lefkowitz, J. (2000). The role of interpersonal affective regard in supervisory performance ratings: A literature review and proposed causal model. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 73, 67–85. Mintzberg, H. (1979). An emerging strategy of direct research. Administrative Science Quarterly, 24, 582–589. Moon, H. (2001a). Looking forward and looking back: Integrating completion and sunk-cost effects within an escalation-of-commitment process decision. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86, 104–113. Moon, H. (2001b). The two faces of conscientiousness: Duty and achievement striving in escalation of commitment dilemmas. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86, 535–540. Moser, K. (1991). Konsistenz der Person. Göttingen: Hogrefe. Moser, K. (1996). Commitment in Organisationen. Bern: Huber. Moser, K. (2000). Implementierung und Durchsetzung von Potentialanalyse- und Personalentwicklungsinstrumenten. In M. Kleinmann & B. Strauß (Hrsg.), Potentialfeststellung und Personalentwicklung (2. Aufl., S. 45–69). Göttingen: Verlag für Angewandte Psychologie. Moser, K., Hahn, T. & Galais, N. (2000). Expertentum und eskalierendes Commitment. Gruppendynamik und Organisationsberatung, 31, 439–449. Moser, K., Wolff, H.G. & Kraft, A. (2003). Eskalierendes Commitment von Entscheidern: Methodologische Probleme. In M. Held, G. Kubon-Gilke & R. Sturn (Hrsg.), Jahrbuch normative und institutionelle Grundfragen der Ökonomik (Bd. 2, Experimente in der Ökonomik – Rationalität, Fairness, Reziprozität, S. 241–265). Marburg: Metropolis. Moser, K., Wolff, H.-G. & Kraft, A. (2007).The de-escalation of commitment: Predecisional accountability and an analysis of cognitive processes. Unveröffentlichtes Manuskript. Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg. Paul, K.I. & Moser, K. (2006). Incongruence as an explanation for the negative mental health effects of unemployment: Meta-analytic evidence. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 79, 595–622. Ross, J. & Staw, B.M. (1986). Expo 86: An escalation prototype. Administrative Science Quarterly, 31(2), 274–297. Ross, J. & Staw, B.M. (1993). Organizational escalation and exit: Lessons from the Shoreham Nuclear Power Plant. Academy of Management Journal, 36, 701–732. Rusbult, C. E., Farrell, D. & Rogers, G. (1988). Impact of exchange variables on exit, voice, loyalty, and neglect: An integrative model of responses to declining job satisfaction. Academy of Management Journal, 31, 599–627. Sachau, D., Houlihan, D. & Gilbertson, T.L. (1999). Predictors of employee resistance to supervisor’s requests. Journal of Social Psychology, 139, 611–621. Schaubroeck, J. & Williams, St. (1993). Type A behavior pattern and escalating commitment. Journal of Applied Psychology, 78, 862–867. Scheier, M. F., Carver, C. S., & Bridges, M. W. (2001). Optimism, pessimism, and psychological well-being. In E. C. Chang (Ed.), Optimism and pessimism: Implications for theory, research, and practice (pp.189–216). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. Schuler, H. & Prochaska, M. (1999). Ermittlung personaler Merkmale: Leistungs- und Potentialbeurteilung von Mitarbeitern. In. K. Sonntag (Hrsg.) Personalentwicklung in Organisationen: Psychologische Grundlagen, Methoden und Strategien (S. 157–186). Göttingen: Hogrefe. Simonson, I. & B. M. Staw (1992). Deescalation strategies: A comparison of techniques for reducing commitment to losing courses of action. Journal of Applied Psychology, 77, 419–426. Slichter, S.H., Healy, J.J. & Livernash, E.R. (1960). The impact of collective bargaining on management. Washington: Brookings Institution. Smith, M. (1993). Outplacement: Die menschliche Seite des Personalabbaus. Zeitschrift für Arbeits- und Organisationspsychologie, 37, 201–204. Soucek, R. S. & Moser, K. (2007). Vigilance and de-escalation of commitment (Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the Academy of Management, Philadelphia, PA) USA. Staw, B. M. (1976). Knee-deep in the big muddy: A study of escalating commitment to a chosen course of action. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 16, 27–44. Staw, B. (1997). The escalation of commitment: An update and appraisal. In Z. Shapira (Ed.), Organizational decision making. Cambridge series on judgement and decision making (pp. 191-215). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Staw, B.M. & Ross, J. (1987). Understanding behavior in escalation situation. Research in Organizational Behavior, 1, 39–78. Whyte, G. (1991). Diffusion of responsibility: Effects on the escalation tendency. Journal of Applied Psychology, 76, 408415. Whyte, G., Saks, A. M.& Hook, St. (1997). When success breeds failure: The role of self-efficacy in escalating commitment to a losing course of action. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 18, 415432. Wilkins, A.L. & Ouchi, W.G. (1983). Efficient cultures: Exploring the relationship between culture and organizational performance. Administrative Science Quarterly, 28, 468481. Wolff, H.-G. & Moser, K. (2005). Self justification, accountability, and escalation behavior: Testing the effects of justification and effortful processing in a dynamic paradigm (Paper presented at the Academy of Management) Honolulu, USA.