Enterococcus faecium: from microbiological insights to practical recommendations for infection control and diagnostics
Tóm tắt
Từ khóa
Tài liệu tham khảo
Schleifer, Kilpper-Balz. Transfer of Streptococcus faecalis and Streptococcus faecium to the Genus Enterococcus norn. rev. as Enterococcus faecalis comb. nov. and Enterococcus faecium comb. nov. Int J Syst Bacteriol Jan. 1984;34:31–4.
Parte AC. LPSN--list of prokaryotic names with standing in nomenclature. Nucleic Acids Res. 2014;42(Database issue):D613–6.
Gilmore MS, Lebreton F, van Schaik W. Genomic transition of enterococci from gut commensals to leading causes of multidrug-resistant hospital infection in the antibiotic era. Curr Opin Microbiol. 2013;16(1):10–6.
Top J, Willems R, Bonten M. Emergence of CC17 Enterococcus faecium: from commensal to hospital-adapted pathogen. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol. 2008;52(3):297–308.
Bonten MJ, Willems R, Weinstein RA. Vancomycin-resistant enterococci: why are they here, and where do they come from? Lancet Infect Dis. 2001;1(5):314–25.
Arias CA, Murray BE. The rise of the Enterococcus: beyond vancomycin resistance. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2012;10(4):266–78.
Willems RJ, Top J, van Den Braak N, van Belkum A, Endtz H, Mevius D, et al. Host specificity of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium. J Infect Dis. 2000;182(3):816–23.
Galloway-Pena J, Roh JH, Latorre M, Qin X, Murray BE. Genomic and SNP Analyses Demonstrate a Distant Separation of the Hospital and Community-Associated Clades of Enterococcus faecium. PLoS One. 2012;7(1):e30187.
Leavis HL, Willems RJ, van Wamel WJ, Schuren FH, Caspers MP, Bonten MJ. Insertion sequence-driven diversification creates a globally dispersed emerging multiresistant subspecies of E. faecium. PLoS Pathog. 2007;3(1):e7.
Willems RJ, Top J, van Santen M, Robinson DA, Coque TM, Baquero F, et al. Global spread of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium from distinct nosocomial genetic complex. Emerg Infect Dis. 2005;11(6):821–8.
Willems RJ, Top J, van Schaik W, Leavis H, Bonten M, Siren J, et al. Restricted gene flow among hospital subpopulations of Enterococcus faecium. MBio. 2012;3(4):e00151–12.
Gao W, Howden BP, Stinear TP. Evolution of virulence in Enterococcus faecium, a hospital-adapted opportunistic pathogen. Curr Opin Microbiol. 2017;41:76–82.
Baquero F. From pieces to patterns: evolutionary engineering in bacterial pathogens. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2004;2(6):510–8.
Top J, Willems R, Blok H, de Regt M, Jalink K, Troelstra A, et al. Ecological replacement of Enterococcus faecalis by multiresistant clonal complex 17 Enterococcus faecium. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2007;13(3):316–9.
de Kraker ME, Jarlier V, Monen JC, Heuer OE, van de Sande N, Grundmann H. The changing epidemiology of bacteraemias in Europe: trends from the European Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance System. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2012;3.
Gudiol C, Ayats J, Camoez M, Dominguez MA, Garcia-Vidal C, Bodro M, et al. Increase in bloodstream infection due to vancomycin-susceptible Enterococcus faecium in cancer patients: risk factors, molecular epidemiology and outcomes. PLoS One. 2013;8(9):e74734.
Pinholt M, Ostergaard C, Arpi M, Bruun NE, Schonheyder HC, Gradel KO, et al. Incidence, clinical characteristics and 30-day mortality of enterococcal bacteraemia in Denmark 2006-2009: a population-based cohort study. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2014;20(2):145–51.
Gawryszewska I, Zabicka D, Bojarska K, Malinowska K, Hryniewicz W, Sadowy E. Invasive enterococcal infections in Poland: the current epidemiological situation. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2016;35(5):847–56.
Weisser M, Capaul S, Dangel M, Elzi L, Kuenzli E, Frei R, et al. Additive effect of Enterococcus faecium on Enterococcal bloodstream infections: a 14-year study in a Swiss tertiary hospital. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2013;34(10):1109–12.
Ryan L, O'Mahony E, Wrenn C, FitzGerald S, Fox U, Boyle B, et al. Epidemiology and molecular typing of VRE bloodstream isolates in an Irish tertiary care hospital. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2015;70(10):2718–24.
Mendes RE, Castanheira M, Farrell DJ, Flamm RK, Sader HS, Jones RN. Longitudinal (2001-14) analysis of enterococci and VRE causing invasive infections in European and US hospitals, including a contemporary (2010-13) analysis of oritavancin in vitro potency. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2016;71(12):3453–8.
Weiner LM, Webb AK, Limbago B, Dudeck MA, Patel J, Kallen AJ, et al. Antimicrobial-Resistant Pathogens Associated With Healthcare-Associated Infections: Summary of Data Reported to the National Healthcare Safety Network at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2011-2014. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2016;37(11):1288–301.
Coombs GW, Daley DA, Thin Lee Y, Pang S, Pearson JC, Robinson JO, et al. Australian Group on Antimicrobial Resistance Australian Enterococcal Sepsis Outcome Programme annual report, 2014. Commun Dis Intell Q Rep. 2016;40(2):E236–43.
Leclercq R, Derlot E, Duval J, Courvalin P. Plasmid-mediated resistance to vancomycin and teicoplanin in Enterococcus faecium. N Engl J Med. 1988;319(3):157–61.
Uttley AH, Collins CH, Naidoo J, George RC. Vancomycin-resistant enterococci. Lancet. 1988;1(8575-6):57–8.
Freitas AR, Sousa C, Novais C, Silva L, Ramos H, Coque TM, et al. Rapid detection of high-risk Enterococcus faecium clones by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. 2017;87(4):299–307.
Werner G, Coque TM, Hammerum AM, Hope R, Hryniewicz W, Johnson A, et al. Emergence and spread of vancomycin resistance among enterococci in Europe. Euro Surveill. 2008;13(47):19046.
Cetinkaya Y, Falk P, Mayhall CG. Vancomycin-resistant enterococci. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2000;13(4):686–707.
Grayson ML, Eliopoulos GM, Wennersten CB, Ruoff KL, De Girolami PC, Ferraro MJ, et al. Increasing resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics among clinical isolates of Enterococcus faecium: a 22-year review at one institution. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1991;35(11):2180–4.
Jones RN, Sader HS, Erwin ME, Anderson SC. Emerging multiply resistant enterococci among clinical isolates. I. Prevalence data from 97 medical center surveillance study in the United States. Enterococcus Study Group. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. 1995;21(2):85–93.
Endtz HP, van den Braak N, van Belkum A, Kluytmans JA, Koeleman JG, Spanjaard L, et al. Fecal carriage of vancomycin-resistant enterococci in hospitalized patients and those living in the community in The Netherlands. J Clin Microbiol. 1997;35(12):3026–31.
van den Braak N, van Belkum A, van Keulen M, Vliegenthart J, Verbrugh HA, Endtz HP. Molecular characterization of vancomycin-resistant enterococci from hospitalized patients and poultry products in The Netherlands. J Clin Microbiol. 1998;36(7):1927–32.
Klare I, Badstubner D, Konstabel C, Bohme G, Claus H, Witte W. Decreased incidence of VanA-type vancomycin-resistant enterococci isolated from poultry meat and from fecal samples of humans in the community after discontinuation of avoparcin usage in animal husbandry. Microb Drug Resist. 1999;5(1):45–52.
Coque TM, Tomayko JF, Ricke SC, Okhyusen PC, Murray BE. Vancomycin-resistant enterococci from nosocomial, community, and animal sources in the United States. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1996;40(11):2605–9.
Kirst HA, Thompson DG, Nicas TI. Historical yearly usage of vancomycin. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1998;42(5):1303–4.
Bonten MJ, Hayden MK, Nathan C, van Voorhis J, Matushek M, Slaughter S, et al. Epidemiology of colonisation of patients and environment with vancomycin-resistant enterococci. Lancet. 1996;348(9042):1615–9.
Sorum M, Johnsen PJ, Aasnes B, Rosvoll T, Kruse H, Sundsfjord A, et al. Prevalence, persistence, and molecular characterization of glycopeptide-resistant enterococci in Norwegian poultry and poultry farmers 3 to 8 years after the ban on avoparcin. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2006;72(1):516–21.
Bortolaia V, Mander M, Jensen LB, Olsen JE, Guardabassi L. Persistence of vancomycin resistance in multiple clones of Enterococcus faecium isolated from Danish broilers 15 years after the ban of avoparcin. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2015;59(5):2926–9.
Nilsson O. Vancomycin resistant enterococci in farm animals - occurrence and importance. Infect Ecol Epidemiol. 2012;2. https://doi.org/10.3402/iee.v2i0.16959 Epub 2012 Apr 19.
Johnsen PJ, Osterhus JI, Sletvold H, Sorum M, Kruse H, Nielsen K, et al. Persistence of animal and human glycopeptide-resistant enterococci on two Norwegian poultry farms formerly exposed to avoparcin is associated with a widespread plasmid-mediated vanA element within a polyclonal enterococcus faecium population. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2005;71(1):159–68.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Antibiotic resistant bacteria, healthcare associated infections, data 2011-2014: https://gis.cdc.gov/grasp/PSA/MapView.html.
European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC). Data from the ECDC Surveillance Atlas - Antimicrobial resistance: https://ecdc.europa.eu/en/antimicrobial-resistance/surveillance-and-disease-data/data-ecdc. Reports 2005-2019.
Nebreda T, Oteo J, Aldea C, Garcia-Estebanez C, Gastelu-Iturri J, Bautista V, et al. Hospital dissemination of a clonal complex 17 vanB2-containing Enterococcus faecium. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2007;59(4):806–7.
Valdezate S, Labayru C, Navarro A, Mantecon MA, Ortega M, Coque TM, et al. Large clonal outbreak of multidrug-resistant CC17 ST17 Enterococcus faecium containing Tn5382 in a Spanish hospital. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2009;63(1):17–20.
Protonotariou E, Dimitroulia E, Pournaras S, Pitiriga V, Sofianou D, Tsakris A. Trends in antimicrobial resistance of clinical isolates of Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium in Greece between 2002 and 2007. J Hosp Infect. 2010;75(3):225–7.
Sivertsen A, Billstrom H, Melefors O, Liljequist BO, Wisell KT, Ullberg M, et al. A multicentre hospital outbreak in Sweden caused by introduction of a vanB2 transposon into a stably maintained pRUM-plasmid in an Enterococcus faecium ST192 clone. PLoS One. 2014;9(8):e103274.
Lytsy B, Engstrand L, Gustafsson A, Kaden R. Time to review the gold standard for genotyping vancomycin-resistant enterococci in epidemiology: Comparing whole-genome sequencing with PFGE and MLST in three suspected outbreaks in Sweden during 2013-2015. Infect Genet Evol. 2017;54:74–80.
Bender JK, Kalmbach A, Fleige C, Klare I, Fuchs S, Werner G. Population structure and acquisition of the vanB resistance determinant in German clinical isolates of Enterococcus faecium ST192. Sci Rep. 2016;6:21847.
Bourdon N, Fines-Guyon M, Thiolet JM, Maugat S, Coignard B, Leclercq R, et al. Changing trends in vancomycin-resistant enterococci in French hospitals, 2001-08. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2011;66(4):713–21.
Sadowy E, Gawryszewska I, Kuch A, Zabicka D, Hryniewicz W. The changing epidemiology of VanB Enterococcus faecium in Poland. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2018;13:927–36.
Robert Koch Institut. Eigenschaften, Häufigkeit und Verbreitung von Vancomycinresistenten Enterokokken (VRE) in Deutschland https://www.rki.de/DE/Content/Infekt/EpidBull/Archiv/2017/Ausgaben/46_17.pdf?__blob=publicationFile Epidemiologisches Bulletin November 2017(46):519-530.
NethMap 2016. NethMap 2016: Consumption of antimicrobial agents and antimicrobial resistance among medically important bacteria in the Netherlands 2015. https://www.rivm.nl/dsresource?objectid=752059cb-4dfa-42ec-a013-60bc21e52508&type=org&disposition=inline.
Australian Commission on Safety and Quality in Health Care (ACSQHC). AURA 2017: second Australian report on antimicrobial use and resistance in human health. Sydney: ACSQHC; 2017.
Coombs GW, Pearson JC, Christiansen K, Gottlieb T, Bell JM, George N, et al. Australian Group on Antimicrobial Resistance Enterococcus Surveillance Programme annual report, 2010. Commun Dis Intell Q Rep. 2013;37(3):E199–209.
Coombs GW, Pearson JC, Le T, Daly DA, Robinson JO, Gottlieb T, et al. Australian Enterococcal Sepsis Outcome Progamme, 2011. Commun Dis Intell Q Rep. 2014;38(3):E247–52.
Coombs GW, Pearson JC, Daly DA, Le TT, Robinson JO, Gottlieb T, et al. Australian Enterococcal Sepsis Outcome Programme annual report, 2013. Commun Dis Intell Q Rep. 2014;38(4):E320–6.
Buultjens AH, Lam MM, Ballard S, Monk IR, Mahony AA, Grabsch EA, et al. Evolutionary origins of the emergent ST796 clone of vancomycin resistant Enterococcus faecium. PeerJ. 2017;5:e2916.
van Hal SJ, Espedido BA, Coombs GW, Howden BP, Korman TM, Nimmo GR, et al. Polyclonal emergence of vanA vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium in Australia. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2017;72(4):998–1001.
Coombs GW, Daley D, Pearson JC, Ingram PR. A change in the molecular epidemiology of vancomycin resistant enterococci in Western Australia. Pathology. 2014;46(1):73–5.
Brilliantova AN, Kliasova GA, Mironova AV, Tishkov VI, Novichkova GA, Bobrynina VO, et al. Spread of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium in two haematological centres in Russia. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2010;35(2):177–81.
Khan MA, Northwood JB, Loor RG, Tholen AT, Riera E, Falcon M, et al. High prevalence of ST-78 infection-associated vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium from hospitals in Asuncion, Paraguay. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2010;16(6):624–7.
Khan MA, van der Wal M, Farrell DJ, Cossins L, van Belkum A, Alaidan A, et al. Analysis of VanA vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium isolates from Saudi Arabian hospitals reveals the presence of clonal cluster 17 and two new Tn1546 lineage types. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2008;62(2):279–83.
Ochoa SA, Escalona G, Cruz-Cordova A, Davila LB, Saldana Z, Cazares-Domimguez V, et al. Molecular analysis and distribution of multidrug-resistant Enterococcus faecium isolates belonging to clonal complex 17 in a tertiary care center in Mexico City. BMC Microbiol. 2013;13:291-2180-13-291.
Hsieh YC, Lee WS, Ou TY, Hsueh PR. Clonal spread of CC17 vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium with multilocus sequence type 78 (ST78) and a novel ST444 in Taiwan. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2010;29(1):25–30.
Aamodt H, Mohn SC, Maselle S, Manji KP, Willems R, Jureen R, et al. Genetic relatedness and risk factor analysis of ampicillin-resistant and high-level gentamicin-resistant enterococci causing bloodstream infections in Tanzanian children. BMC Infect Dis. 2015;15:107-015-0845-8.
van Hal SJ, Ip CL, Ansari MA, Wilson DJ, Espedido BA, Jensen SO, et al. Evolutionary dynamics of Enterococcus faecium reveals complex genomic relationships between isolates with independent emergence of vancomycin resistance. Microb Genom. 2016;2(1). https://doi.org/10.1099/mgen.0.000048.
Howden BP, Holt KE, Lam MM, Seemann T, Ballard S, Coombs GW, et al. Genomic insights to control the emergence of vancomycin-resistant enterococci. MBio. 2013;4(4). https://doi.org/10.1128/mBio.00412-13.
Zhou X, Chlebowicz MA, Bathoorn E, Rosema S, Couto N, Lokate M, et al. Elucidating vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium outbreaks: the role of clonal spread and movement of mobile genetic elements. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2018;73(12):3259–67.
EUCAST subcommittee for detection of resistance mechanisms and specific resistances of clinical and/or epidemiological importance: EUCAST guidelines for detection of resistance mechanisms and specific resistances of clinical and/or epidemiological importance. 2017.
Zhou X, Friedrich AW, Bathoorn E. Diagnostic Evasion of Highly-Resistant Microorganisms: A Critical Factor in Nosocomial Outbreaks. Front Microbiol. 2017;8:2128.
Werner G, Klare I, Fleige C, Geringer U, Witte W, Just HM, et al. Vancomycin-resistant vanB-type Enterococcus faecium isolates expressing varying levels of vancomycin resistance and being highly prevalent among neonatal patients in a single ICU. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control. 2012;1(1):21.
European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing 2014. The European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing. Breakpoint tables for interpretation of MICs and zone diameters. Version 7.1, 2017. http://www.eucast.org.
Wijesuriya TM, Perry P, Pryce T, Boehm J, Kay I, Flexman J, et al. Low vancomycin MICs and fecal densities reduce the sensitivity of screening methods for vancomycin resistance in Enterococci. J Clin Microbiol. 2014;52(8):2829–33.
Pearman JW. 2004 Lowbury Lecture: the Western Australian experience with vancomycin-resistant enterococci - from disaster to ongoing control. J Hosp Infect. 2006;63(1):14–26.
Sinnige JC, Willems RJL, Ruijs GJHM, Mascini E, Arends JP, Troelstra A. NVMM Guideline HRMO VRE; 2015.
Ballard SA, Pertile KK, Lim M, Johnson PD, Grayson ML. Molecular characterization of vanB elements in naturally occurring gut anaerobes. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2005;49(5):1688–94.
Ballard SA, Grabsch EA, Johnson PD, Grayson ML. Comparison of three PCR primer sets for identification of vanB gene carriage in feces and correlation with carriage of vancomycin-resistant enterococci: interference by vanB-containing anaerobic bacilli. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2005;49(1):77–81.
Domingo MC, Huletsky A, Bernal A, Giroux R, Boudreau DK, Picard FJ, et al. Characterization of a Tn5382-like transposon containing the vanB2 gene cluster in a Clostridium strain isolated from human faeces. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2005;55(4):466–74.
Graham M, Ballard SA, Grabsch EA, Johnson PD, Grayson ML. High rates of fecal carriage of nonenterococcal vanB in both children and adults. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2008;52(3):1195–7.
Stinear TP, Olden DC, Johnson PD, Davies JK, Grayson ML. Enterococcal vanB resistance locus in anaerobic bacteria in human faeces. Lancet. 2001;357(9259):855–6.
Zhou X, Arends JP, Kampinga GA, Ahmad HM, Dijkhuizen B, van Barneveld P, et al. Evaluation of the Xpert vanA/vanB assay using enriched inoculated broths for direct detection of vanB vancomycin-resistant Enterococci. J Clin Microbiol. 2014;52(12):4293–7.
Park IJ, Lee WG, Shin JH, Lee KW, Woo GJ. VanB phenotype-vanA genotype Enterococcus faecium with heterogeneous expression of teicoplanin resistance. J Clin Microbiol. 2008;46(9):3091–3.
Szakacs TA, Kalan L, McConnell MJ, Eshaghi A, Shahinas D, McGeer A, et al. Outbreak of vancomycin-susceptible Enterococcus faecium containing the wild-type vanA gene. J Clin Microbiol. 2014;52(5):1682–6.
Gagnon S, Levesque S, Lefebvre B, Bourgault AM, Labbe AC, Roger M. vanA-containing Enterococcus faecium susceptible to vancomycin and teicoplanin because of major nucleotide deletions in Tn1546. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2011;66(12):2758–62.
Sivertsen A, Pedersen T, Larssen KW, Bergh K, Ronning TG, Radtke A, et al. A Silenced vanA Gene Cluster on a Transferable Plasmid Caused an Outbreak of Vancomycin-Variable Enterococci. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2016;60(7):4119–27.
Kohler P, Eshaghi A, Kim HC, Plevneshi A, Green K, Willey BM, et al. Prevalence of vancomycin-variable Enterococcus faecium (VVE) among vanA-positive sterile site isolates and patient factors associated with VVE bacteremia. PLoS One. 2018;13(3):e0193926.
Thaker MN, Kalan L, Waglechner N, Eshaghi A, Patel SN, Poutanen S, et al. Vancomycin-variable enterococci can give rise to constitutive resistance during antibiotic therapy. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2015;59(3):1405–10.
Courvalin P. Vancomycin resistance in gram-positive cocci. Clin Infect Dis. 2006;42(Suppl 1):S25–34.
Xu X, Lin D, Yan G, Ye X, Wu S, Guo Y, et al. vanM, a new glycopeptide resistance gene cluster found in Enterococcus faecium. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2010;54(11):4643–7.
Boyd DA, Willey BM, Fawcett D, Gillani N, Mulvey MR. Molecular characterization of Enterococcus faecalis N06-0364 with low-level vancomycin resistance harboring a novel D-Ala-D-Ser gene cluster, vanL. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2008;52(7):2667–72.
Lebreton F, Depardieu F, Bourdon N, Fines-Guyon M, Berger P, Camiade S, et al. D-Ala-d-Ser VanN-type transferable vancomycin resistance in Enterococcus faecium. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2011;55(10):4606–12.
Freitas AR, Tedim AP, Francia MV, Jensen LB, Novais C, Peixe L, et al. Multilevel population genetic analysis of vanA and vanB Enterococcus faecium causing nosocomial outbreaks in 27 countries (1986-2012). J Antimicrob Chemother. 2016;71(12):3351–66.
Top J, Sinnige JC, Brouwer EC, Werner G, Corander J, Severin JA, et al. Identification of a Novel Genomic Island Associated with vanD-Type Vancomycin Resistance in Six Dutch Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococcus faecium Isolates. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2018;62(3). https://doi.org/10.1128/AAC.01793-17 Print 2018 Mar.
Lebreton F, Manson AL, Saavedra JT, Straub TJ, Earl AM, Gilmore MS. Tracing the Enterococci from Paleozoic Origins to the Hospital. Cell. 2017;169(5):849–861.e13.
Wagenvoort JH, De Brauwer EI, Penders RJ, van der Linden CJ, Willems RJ, Top J, et al. Environmental survival of vancomycin-sensitive ampicillin-resistant Enterococcus faecium (AREfm). Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2015;34(9):1901–3.
Dancer SJ. Controlling hospital-acquired infection: focus on the role of the environment and new technologies for decontamination. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2014;27(4):665–90.
Boehm AB, Sassoubre LM. Enterococci as Indicators of Environmental Fecal Contamination. In: Gilmore MS, Clewell DB, Ike Y, Shankar N, editors. Enterococci: From Commensals to Leading Causes of Drug Resistant Infection Boston; 2014.
de Regt MJ, van der Wagen LE, Top J, Blok HE, Hopmans TE, Dekker AW, et al. High acquisition and environmental contamination rates of CC17 ampicillin-resistant Enterococcus faecium in a Dutch hospital. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2008;62(6):1401–6.
Wagenvoort JH, De Brauwer EI, Penders RJ, Willems RJ, Top J, Bonten MJ. Environmental survival of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium. J Hosp Infect. 2011;77(3):282–3.
Grabsch EA, Mahony AA, Cameron DR, Martin RD, Heland M, Davey P, et al. Significant reduction in vancomycin-resistant enterococcus colonization and bacteraemia after introduction of a bleach-based cleaning-disinfection programme. J Hosp Infect. 2012;82(4):234–42.
Passaretti CL, Otter JA, Reich NG, Myers J, Shepard J, Ross T, et al. An evaluation of environmental decontamination with hydrogen peroxide vapor for reducing the risk of patient acquisition of multidrug-resistant organisms. Clin Infect Dis. 2013;56(1):27–35.
Bradley CR, Fraise AP. Heat and chemical resistance of enterococci. J Hosp Infect. 1996;34(3):191–6.
Pidot SJ, Gao W, Buultjens AH et al. Increasing tolerance of hospital Enterococcus faecium to hand-wash alcohols. 2016. bioRxiv preprint posted online. https://doi.org/10.1101/053728.
McAuley CM, Gobius KS, Britz ML, Craven HM. Heat resistance of thermoduric enterococci isolated from milk. Int J Food Microbiol. 2012;154(3):162–8.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Recommendations for preventing the spread of vancomycin resistance. Recommendations of the Hospital Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee (HICPAC). MMWR Recomm Rep. 1995;44(RR-12):1–13.
De Angelis G, Cataldo MA, De Waure C, Venturiello S, La Torre G, Cauda R, et al. Infection control and prevention measures to reduce the spread of vancomycin-resistant enterococci in hospitalized patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2014;69(5):1185–92.
Hayden MK, Bonten MJ, Blom DW, Lyle EA, van de Vijver DA, Weinstein RA. Reduction in acquisition of vancomycin-resistant enterococcus after enforcement of routine environmental cleaning measures. Clin Infect Dis. 2006;42(11):1552–60.
Shaikh ZH, Osting CA, Hanna HA, Arbuckle RB, Tarr JJ, Raad II. Effectiveness of a multifaceted infection control policy in reducing vancomycin usage and vancomycin-resistant enterococci at a tertiary care cancer centre. J Hosp Infect. 2002;51(1):52–8.
Montecalvo MA, Jarvis WR, Uman J, Shay DK, Petrullo C, Rodney K, et al. Infection-control measures reduce transmission of vancomycin-resistant enterococci in an endemic setting. Ann Intern Med. 1999;131(4):269–72.
Donskey CJ, Chowdhry TK, Hecker MT, Hoyen CK, Hanrahan JA, Hujer AM, et al. Effect of antibiotic therapy on the density of vancomycin-resistant enterococci in the stool of colonized patients. N Engl J Med. 2000;343(26):1925–32.
Edmond MB, Ober JF, Weinbaum DL, Pfaller MA, Hwang T, Sanford MD, et al. Vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium bacteremia: risk factors for infection. Clin Infect Dis. 1995;20(5):1126–33.
Donskey CJ, Hanrahan JA, Hutton RA, Rice LB. Effect of parenteral antibiotic administration on the establishment of colonization with vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium in the mouse gastrointestinal tract. J Infect Dis. 2000;181(5):1830–3.
Tornieporth NG, Roberts RB, John J, Hafner A, Riley LW. Risk factors associated with vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium infection or colonization in 145 matched case patients and control patients. Clin Infect Dis. 1996;23(4):767–72.
Ubeda C, Taur Y, Jenq RR, Equinda MJ, Son T, Samstein M, et al. Vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus domination of intestinal microbiota is enabled by antibiotic treatment in mice and precedes bloodstream invasion in humans. J Clin Invest. 2010;120(12):4332–41.
McKinnell JA, Kunz DF, Chamot E, Patel M, Shirley RM, Moser SA, et al. Association between vancomycin-resistant Enterococci bacteremia and ceftriaxone usage. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2012;33(7):718–24.
Iosifidis E, Evdoridou I, Agakidou E, Chochliourou E, Protonotariou E, Karakoula K, et al. Vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus outbreak in a neonatal intensive care unit: epidemiology, molecular analysis and risk factors. Am J Infect Control. 2013;41(10):857–61.
Frakking FNJ, Bril WS, Sinnige JC, Klooster JEV, de Jong BAW, van Hannen EJ, et al. Recommendations for the successful control of a large outbreak of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium (VRE) in a non-endemic hospital setting. J Hosp Infect. 2018.
Cattoir V, Leclercq R. Twenty-five years of shared life with vancomycin-resistant enterococci: is it time to divorce? J Antimicrob Chemother. 2013;68(4):731–42.
Deplano A, Denis O, Nonhoff C, Rost F, Byl B, Jacobs F, et al. Outbreak of hospital-adapted clonal complex-17 vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium strain in a haematology unit: role of rapid typing for early control. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2007;60(4):849–54.
Mahony AA, Buultjens AH, Ballard SA, Grabsch EA, Xie S, Seemann T, et al. Vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium sequence type 796 - rapid international dissemination of a new epidemic clone. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control. 2018;7:44-018-0335-z eCollection 2018.
Brodrick HJ, Raven KE, Harrison EM, Blane B, Reuter S, Torok ME, et al. Whole-genome sequencing reveals transmission of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium in a healthcare network. Genome Med. 2016;8(1):4-015-0259-7.
McNally A, Oren Y, Kelly D, Pascoe B, Dunn S, Sreecharan T, et al. Combined Analysis of Variation in Core, Accessory and Regulatory Genome Regions Provides a Super-Resolution View into the Evolution of Bacterial Populations. PLoS Genet. 2016;12(9):e1006280.
Tagini F, Greub G. Bacterial genome sequencing in clinical microbiology: a pathogen-oriented review. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2017;36(11):2007–20.
Schurch AC, Arredondo-Alonso S, Willems RJL, Goering RV. Whole genome sequencing options for bacterial strain typing and epidemiologic analysis based on single nucleotide polymorphism versus gene-by-gene-based approaches. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2018;24(4):350–4.
Deurenberg RH, Bathoorn E, Chlebowicz MA, Couto N, Ferdous M, Garcia-Cobos S, et al. Application of next generation sequencing in clinical microbiology and infection prevention. J Biotechnol. 2017;243:16–24.
Rossen JWA, Friedrich AW, Moran-Gilad J, ESCMID Study Group for Genomic and Molecular Diagnostics (ESGMD). Practical issues in implementing whole-genome-sequencing in routine diagnostic microbiology. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2017.
Quainoo S, Coolen JPM, van Hijum SAFT, Huynen MA, Melchers WJG, van Schaik W, et al. Whole-Genome Sequencing of Bacterial Pathogens: the Future of Nosocomial Outbreak Analysis. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2017;30(4):1015–63.
de Been M, Pinholt M, Top J, Bletz S, Mellmann A, van Schaik W, et al. A core genome MLST scheme for high-resolution typing of Enterococcus faecium. J Clin Microbiol. 2015;23(12):3788–97.
Available at: https://ars.rki.de/Content/Database/ResistanceOverview.aspx. Access dates 2013-2016.
Remschmidt C, Schroder C, Behnke M, Gastmeier P, Geffers C, Kramer TS. Continuous increase of vancomycin resistance in enterococci causing nosocomial infections in Germany - 10 years of surveillance. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control. 2018;7:54-018-0353-x eCollection 2018.
Jurke A, Kock R, Becker K, Thole S, Hendrix R, Rossen J, et al. Reduction of the nosocomial meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus incidence density by a region-wide search and follow-strategy in forty German hospitals of the EUREGIO, 2009 to 2011. Euro Surveill. 2013;18(36):pii=20579.
Buffie CG, Pamer EG. Microbiota-mediated colonization resistance against intestinal pathogens. Nat Rev Immunol. 2013;13(11):790–801.
Ubeda C, Bucci V, Caballero S, Djukovic A, Toussaint NC, Equinda M, et al. Intestinal microbiota containing Barnesiella species cures vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium colonization. Infect Immun. 2013;81(3):965–73.
van Harten RM, Willems RJL, Martin NI, Hendrickx APA. Multidrug-Resistant Enterococcal Infections: New Compounds, Novel Antimicrobial Therapies? Trends Microbiol. 2017;25(6):467–79.
Klare I, Fleige C, Geringer U, Witte W, Werner G. Performance of three chromogenic VRE screening agars, two Etest((R)) vancomycin protocols, and different microdilution methods in detecting vanB genotype Enterococcus faecium with varying vancomycin MICs. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. 2012;74(2):171–6.
Hegstad K, Giske CG, Haldorsen B, Matuschek E, Schonning K, Leegaard TM, et al. Performance of the EUCAST disk diffusion method, the CLSI agar screen method, and the Vitek 2 automated antimicrobial susceptibility testing system for detection of clinical isolates of Enterococci with low- and medium-level VanB-type vancomycin resistance: a multicenter study. J Clin Microbiol. 2014;52(5):1582–9.
Zhou K, Lokate M, Deurenberg RH, Tepper M, Arends JP, Raangs EG, et al. Use of whole-genome sequencing to trace, control and characterize the regional expansion of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase producing ST15 Klebsiella pneumoniae. Sci Rep. 2016;6:20840.
Sigrid Rosema, Monika Chlebowicz, Mariëtte Lokate, Alexander W. Friedrich, Erik Bathoorn, John W. A. Rossen. Tailor-made diagnostics to differentiate two simultaneously occurring vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium outbreaks caused by different clones of ST117. ECCMID, O0136. 2018 Madrid, Spain.
Prematunge C, MacDougall C, Johnstone J, Adomako K, Lam F, Robertson J, et al. VRE and VSE Bacteremia Outcomes in the Era of Effective VRE Therapy: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2016;37(1):26–35.
Cheah AL, Spelman T, Liew D, Peel T, Howden BP, Spelman D, et al. Enterococcal bacteraemia: factors influencing mortality, length of stay and costs of hospitalization. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2013;19(4):E181–9.
Zasowski EJ, Claeys KC, Lagnf AM, Davis SL, Rybak MJ. Time Is of the Essence: The Impact of Delayed Antibiotic Therapy on Patient Outcomes in Hospital-Onset Enterococcal Bloodstream Infections. Clin Infect Dis. 2016;62(10):1242–50.
Wang Y, Lv Y, Cai J, Schwarz S, Cui L, Hu Z, et al. A novel gene, optrA, that confers transferable resistance to oxazolidinones and phenicols and its presence in Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium of human and animal origin. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2015;70(8):2182–90.
Diaz L, Tran TT, Munita JM, Miller WR, Rincon S, Carvajal LP, et al. Whole-genome analyses of Enterococcus faecium isolates with diverse daptomycin MICs. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2014;58(8):4527–34.
Fiedler S, Bender JK, Klare I, Halbedel S, Grohmann E, Szewzyk U, et al. Tigecycline resistance in clinical isolates of Enterococcus faecium is mediated by an upregulation of plasmid-encoded tetracycline determinants tet(L) and tet(M). J Antimicrob Chemother. 2016;71(4):871–81.