Endocrine Disrupters: A Review of Some Sources, Effects, and Mechanisms of Actions on Behaviour and Neuroendocrine Systems

Journal of Neuroendocrinology - Tập 24 Số 1 - Trang 144-159 - 2012
Cheryl A. Frye1, Elisabetta Bo2,3, Gemma Calamandrei4, Laura Calzà5,6, Francesco Dessì‐Fulgheri7, Mercedes Fernández6, Leonida Fusani8, Olivier Kah9, Małgorzata Kajta10, Yann Le Page9, Heather B. Patisaul11, Aldina Venerosi3, Anna K. Wójtowicz12, Giancarlo Panzica2,13,3
1Department of Psychology, The University at Albany-SUNY, Albany, NY, USA
2Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, Department of Anatomy, Pharmacology and Forensic Medicine, Neuroscience Institute of Turin (NIT), University of Torino, Torino, Italy.
3Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri-Ottolenghi (NICO), Torino, Italy.
4Section of Neurotoxicology and Neuroendocrinology Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Roma, Italy
5Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bologna, Ozzano Emilia, Bologna, Italy.
6Health Science and Technology Interdepartmental Center for Industrial Research (ST-ICPR), University of Bologna, Ozzano Emilia, Bologna, Italy.
7Department of Evolutionary Biology ‘Leo Pardi’, Firenze, Italy.
8Department of Biology and Evolution, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
9Neurogenesis and Oestrogens, UMR CNRS 6026, IFR 140, University of Rennes I, Rennes, France.
10Department of Experimental Neuroendocrinology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow, Poland
11Department of Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh NC 27695, USA
12Laboratory of Genomics and Biotechnology, University of Agriculture, Rędzina 1B, 30-274 Krakow, Poland.
13National Institute of Neuroscience-Italy (INN), Torino, Italy

Tóm tắt

Some environmental contaminants interact with hormones and may exert adverse consequences as a result of their actions as endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs). Exposure in people is typically a result of contamination of the food chain, inhalation of contaminated house dust or occupational exposure. EDCs include pesticides and herbicides (such as dichlorodiphenyl trichloroethane or its metabolites), methoxychlor, biocides, heat stabilisers and chemical catalysts (such as tributyltin), plastic contaminants (e.g. bisphenol A), pharmaceuticals (i.e. diethylstilbestrol; 17α‐ethinylestradiol) or dietary components (such as phytoestrogens). The goal of this review is to address the sources, effects and actions of EDCs, with an emphasis on topics discussed at the International Congress on Steroids and the Nervous System. EDCs may alter reproductively‐relevant or nonreproductive, sexually‐dimorphic behaviours. In addition, EDCs may have significant effects on neurodevelopmental processes, influencing the morphology of sexually‐dimorphic cerebral circuits. Exposure to EDCs is more dangerous if it occurs during specific ‘critical periods’ of life, such as intrauterine, perinatal, juvenile or puberty periods, when organisms are more sensitive to hormonal disruption, compared to other periods. However, exposure to EDCs in adulthood can also alter physiology. Several EDCs are xenoestrogens, which can alter serum lipid concentrations or metabolism enzymes that are necessary for converting cholesterol to steroid hormones. This can ultimately alter the production of oestradiol and/or other steroids. Finally, many EDCs may have actions via (or independent of) classic actions at cognate steroid receptors. EDCs may have effects through numerous other substrates, such as the aryl hydrocarbon receptor, the peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor and the retinoid X receptor, signal transduction pathways, calcium influx and/or neurotransmitter receptors. Thus, EDCs, from varied sources, may have organisational effects during development and/or activational effects in adulthood that influence sexually‐dimorphic, reproductively‐relevant processes or other functions, by mimicking, antagonising or altering steroidal actions.

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Journal of Neuroendocrinology

Tập 24 Số 1

144-159

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