Emotional Expression in Japan and the United States

Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology - Tập 29 Số 6 - Trang 728-748 - 1998
Cookie White Stephan1, Walter G. Stephan1, Isamu Saito2, Shara Morrison Barnett3
1New Mexico State University, .
2Rissho University, Tokyo
3Silicon Graphics, Inc.

Tóm tắt

In this study, the impact of individualism-collectivism at the cultural and individual level on the expression of emotion in Japan and the United States was examined. Individualism-collectivism expectations at the cultural level were partially supported, and only weak effects of individualism-collectivism at the individual level were found. The data are consistent with socialization into individualistic and collectivistic values as well as the lessening of these influences in U.S. and Japanese society. They support the idea that individualism-collectivism is not a comprehensive and precise dimension but rather a loose collection of many different cultural characteristics.

Từ khóa


Tài liệu tham khảo

Barnlund, D., 1989, Communicative styles of Japanese and Americans

Befu, H., 1977, The anthropology of powe, 77

De Mente, B. L., 1995, Behind the Japanese bow

Doi, T., 1973, The anatomy of dependence

Finkelstein, B., 1991, Transcending stereotype, 77

10.1111/j.1468-2958.1986.tb00099.x

Gudykunst, W. B., 1993, Communication in Japan and the United State, 149

Gudykunst, W. B., 1994, Bridging Japanese/North American differences, 10.4135/9781452243184

Hall, E. T., 1976, Beyond culture

Kagitcibasi, C., 1994, Individualism and collectivis, 52

Kim, U., 1996, Key issues in cross-cultural psychology

Kim, U., 1994, Individualism and collectivism

Kitayama, S., 1995, The culture and psychology reader, 366

Kitayama, S., Society for Psychological Anthropology

Lebra, T. S., 1976, Japanese patterns of behavior, 10.1515/9780824846404

10.1037/0033-295X.98.2.224

10.1037/10152-003

10.1037/10152-020

10.1007/BF00995569

10.1177/1354067X9621005

Nakane, C., 1970, Japanese society

Nakane, C., 1974, Intercultural encounters with Japan

Reykowski, J., 1994, Individualism and collectivis, 276

Rosenberger, N., 1992, Japanese sense of self

10.1177/0022022190212001

10.1016/S0065-2601(08)60281-6

Schwartz, S., 1994, 1ndividualism and collectivis, 85

10.1177/0146167294205014

10.1111/j.1468-2958.1995.tb00351.x

10.1177/0022022196272001

Ting-Toomey, S., 1988, Theories in intercultural communication, 231

Ting-Toomey, S., Speech Association Convention

10.1007/978-1-349-08120-2_3

10.1037/10152-008

Triandis, H. C., 1994, Culture and social behavior

10.1080/00049538608259013

10.1037/0022-3514.54.2.323

10.1016/0147-1767(88)90019-3

10.1016/0092-6566(85)90008-X

10.1177/0022022193243006