Emissions and health impacts from global shipping embodied in US–China bilateral trade

World Development Indicators 2015 (International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, 2015).

Third IMO Greenhouse Gas Study 2014 (International Maritime Organization, 2014).

CAIT Climate Data Explorer (World Resources Institute, 2017).

Cames, M., Graichen, J., Siemons, A. & Cook, V. Emission Reduction Targets for International Aviation and Shipping (European Parliament, 2015).

Corbett, J. J. et al. Mortality from ship emissions: a global assessment. Environ. Sci. Technol. 41, 8512–8518 (2007).

Sofiev, M. et al. Cleaner fuels for ships provide public health benefits with climate tradeoffs. Nat. Commun. 9, 406 (2018).

Corbett, J. J. & Fischbeck, P. Emissions from ships. Science 278, 823–824 (1997).

Eyring, V. et al. Transport impacts on atmosphere and climate: shipping. Atmos. Environ. 44, 4735–4771 (2010).

Endresen, Ø. et al. Emission from international sea transportation and environmental impact. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. 108, 4560 (2003).

Lauer, A., Eyring, V., Hendricks, J., Joeckel, P. & Lohmann, U. Global model simulations of the impact of ocean-going ships on aerosols, clouds, and the radiation budget. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 7, 5061–5079 (2007).

Lund, M. T. et al. Global-mean temperature change from shipping toward 2050: improved representation of the indirect aerosol effect in simple climate models. Environ. Sci. Technol. 46, 8868–8877 (2012).

Winebrake, J. J., Corbett, J. J., Green, E. H., Lauer, A. & Eyring, V. Mitigating the health impacts of pollution from ocean-going shipping: an assessment of low-sulfur fuel mandates. Environ. Sci. Technol. 43, 4776–4782 (2009).

Righi, M., Hendricks, J. & Sausen, R. The global impact of the transport sectors on atmospheric aerosol in 2030. Part 1: land transport and shipping. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 15, 633–651 (2015).

Liu, H. et al. Health and climate impacts of ocean-going vessels in East Asia. Nat. Clim. Change 6, 1037–1041 (2016).

van der Loeff, W. S., Godar, J. & Prakash, V. A spatially explicit data-driven approach to calculating commodity-specific shipping emissions per vessel. J. Clean. Prod. 205, 895–908 (2018).

Oliver, J., Aardenne, J., Dentener, F., Ganzeveld, L. & Peters, J. Recent trends in global greenhouse gas emissions: regional trends 1970–2000 and spatial distribution of key sources in 2000. Environ. Sci. 2, 81–99 (2005).

Wan, Z., el Makhloufi, A., Chen, Y. & Tang, J. Decarbonizing the international shipping industry: solutions and policy recommendations. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 126, 428–435 (2018).

Cadarso, M.-A., Lopez, L.-A., Gomez, N. & Tobarra, M.-A. CO2 emissions of international freight transport and offshoring: measurement and allocation. Ecol. Econ. 69, 1682–1694 (2010).

Faber, J. et al. Aviation and Maritime Transport in a Post-2012 Climate Policy Regime (Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency, 2007).

Bode, S., Isensee, J., Krause, K. & Michaelowa, A. Climate policy: analysis of ecological, technical and economic implications for international maritime transport. Int. J. Marit. Econ. 4, 164–184 (2002).

National Communication of the Subsidiary Body for Scientific and Technological Advice (Subsidiary Body for Scientific and Technological Advice, UNFCCC, 1996).

Heitmann, N. & Khalilian, S. Accounting for carbon dioxide emissions from international shipping: burden sharing under different UNFCCC allocation options and regime scenarios. Mar. Policy 35, 682–691 (2011).

Faber, J. et al. Technical Support for European Action to Reducing Greenhouse Gas Emissions from International Maritime Transport (CE Delft, 2009).

den Elzen, M. G. J., Olivier, J. G. J. & Berk, M. M. An Analysis of Options for Including International Aviation and Marine Emissions in a Post-2012 Climate Mitigation Regime (Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency, 2007).

Gay, P. W. & Proops, J. L. R. Carbon-dioxide production by the UK economy – an input output assessment. Appl. Energy 44, 113–130 (1993).

Munksgaard, J. & Pedersen, K. A. CO2 accounts for open economies: producer or consumer responsibility? Energy Policy 29, 327–334 (2001).

Report of the Subsidiary Body for Scientific and Technological Advice on the Fourth Session, Geneva: 16–18 December 1996 (Subsidiary Body for Scientific and Technological Advice, UNFCCC, 1996).

Ahman, M. in Beyond Bali – Strategic Issues for the Post-2010 Climate Change Regime Vol. 11 (ed. Egenhofer, C.) 146–155 (Centre for European Policy Studies, 2008).

Kageson, P. The Maritime Emissions Trading Scheme (Nature Associates, 2008).

Zetterberg, L. in Beyond Bali – Strategic Issues for the Post-2010 Climate Change Regime Vol. 11 (ed. Egenhofer, C.) 156–162 (Centre for European Policy Studies, 2008).

Lin, J. et al. China’s international trade and air pollution in the United States. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 111, 1736–1741 (2014).

Zhang, Q. et al. Transboundary health impacts of transported global air pollution and international trade. Nature 543, 705–709 (2017).

Wang, H. et al. Trade-driven relocation of air pollution and health impacts in China. Nat. Commun. 8, 738 (2017).

Lenzen, M. et al. International trade drives biodiversity threats in developing nations. Nature 486, 109–112 (2012).

Lv, Z. F. et al. Impacts of shipping emissions on PM2.5 pollution in China. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 18, 15811–15824 (2018).

US International Trade Data (Bureau of the Census, 2019); https://www.census.gov/foreign-trade/data/index.html

Research Report on China–US Economic and Trade Relations (Ministry of Commerce of the People’s Republic of China, 2017).

International Maritime Organization. MEPC 68/INF 24 (Marine Environment Protection Committee, 2015).

World Trade Statistical Review 2017 (World Trade Organization, 2017).

Brooks, A. L., Wang, S. & Jambeck, J. R. The Chinese import ban and its impact on global plastic waste trade. Sci. Adv. 4, eaat0131 (2018).

Announcement on the Issuance of the Catalogue of Imported Waste Management (2017) (Ministry of Ecology and Environment of the People's Republic of China, 2017); http://www.customs.gov.cn/customs/302249/302266/302267/726819/index.html

Note by the International Maritime Organization to the Forty-Eighth Session of the Subsidiary Body for Scientific and Technological Advice (SBSTA48) (International Maritime Organization, 2018).

China Customs Statistics Yearbook 2016 (Chinese Edition) (China Customs Press, 2016).

Overview of the International Shipping Industry: Shipping and World Trade (International Chamber of Shipping, 2005).

Burnett, R. T. et al. An integrated risk function for estimating the global burden of disease attributable to ambient fine particulate matter exposure. Environ. Health Perspect. 122, 397–403 (2014).

Lepeule, J., Laden, F., Dockery, D. & Schwartz, J. Chronic exposure to fine particles and mortality: an extended follow-up of the Harvard Six Cities study from 1974 to 2009. Environ. Health Perspect. 120, 965–970 (2012).

Cohen, A. J. et al. Estimates and 25-year trends of the global burden of disease attributable to ambient air pollution: an analysis of data from the Global Burden of Diseases Study 2015. Lancet 389, 1907–1918 (2017).