Emerging Infectious Diseases of Wildlife-- Threats to Biodiversity and Human Health
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Marine EIDs are dealt with in a parallel paper:
Noninfectious emerging diseases of wildlife and emerging plant diseases are not reviewed here. R. M Anderson and R. M. May [ Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London Ser. B 314 533 (1986)] give notable examples of plant diseases that could be considered emerging using the criteria in (1 2).
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Causal themes underlying the emergence of human EIDs are closely paralleled by factors driving the emergence of wildlife EIDs (for example international travel is paralleled by the international movement of livestock and other animals). The “globalization” of agriculture trade and human population movements [
] can be equated for wildlife EIDs with increasing biogeographical homogeneity resulting from human influence on ecosystems [
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We thank B. W. J. Mahy C. C. Brown J. E. Dawson and J. K. Kirkwood for critical reviews of this manuscript; J. P. O'Connor for editorial assistance; J. E. Dawson P. T. Hooper K. R. Kerry B. P. Oldroyd D. Pimentel M. J. Riddle and S. R. Telford for access to unpublished data; and M. A. Farmer J. R. Fischer C. S. Goldsmith C. D. Humphrey T. G. Ksiazek R. McLean D. Porter J. W. Porter W.-J. Shieh T. Whistler and S. R. Zaki for helpful discussions.