Efficient solar water splitting by enhanced charge separation in a bismuth vanadate-silicon tandem photoelectrode

Khaselev, O. & Turner, J. A. A monolithic photovoltaic-photoelectrochemical device for hydrogen production via water splitting. Science 280, 425–427 (1998).

Grätzel, M. Photoelectrochemical cells. Nature 414, 338–344 (2001).

Licht, S. et al. Efficient solar water splitting, exemplified by RuO2-catalyzed AlGaAs/Si photoelectrolysis. J. Phys. Chem. B 104, 8920–8924 (2000).

Miller, E. L., Marsen, B., Paluselli, D. & Rocheleau, R. Optimization of hybrid photoelectrodes for solar water-splitting. Electrochem. Solid State Lett. 8, A247–A249 (2005).

Yamada, Y. et al. One chip photovoltaic water electrolysis device. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 28, 1167–1169 (2003).

Delahoy, A. E. et al. A one-unit photovoltaic electrolysis system based on a triple stack of amorphous silicon (pin) cells. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 10, 113–116 (1985).

Kanan, M. W. & Nocera, D. G. In situ formation of an oxygen-evolving catalyst in neutral water containing phosphate and Co2+. Science 321, 1072–1075 (2008).

Reece, S. Y. et al. Wireless solar water splitting using silicon-based semiconductors and earth-abundant catalysts. Science 334, 645–648 (2011).

Koper, M. T. Thermodynamic theory of multi-electron transfer reactions: implications for electrocatalysis. J. Electroanal. Chem. 660, 254–260 (2011).

Abdi, F. F., Firet, N. & van de Krol, R. Efficient BiVO4 thin film photoanodes modified with cobalt phosphate catalyst and W-doping. Chem. Cat. Chem. 5, 490–496 (2013).

Gaillard, N., Chang, Y., Kaneshiro, J., Deangelis, A. & Miller, E. L. Status of research on tungsten oxide-based photoelectrochemical devices at the University of Hawai'i. Proc. SPIE 7770, 77700V1-14 (2010).

Brillet, J. et al. Highly efficient water splitting by a dual-absorber tandem cell. Nat. Photon 6, 824–828 (2012).

Kudo, A., Omori, K. & Kato, H. A novel aqueous process for preparation of crystal form-controlled and highly crystalline BiVO4 powder from layered vanadates at room temperature and its photocatalytic and photophysical properties. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 121, 11459–11467 (1999).

Kudo, A., Ueda, K., Kato, H. & Mikami, I. Photocatalytic O2 evolution under visible light irradiation on BiVO4 in aqueous AgNO3 solution. Catal. Lett. 53, 229–230 (1998).

Tokunaga, S., Kato, H. & Kudo, A. Selective preparation of monoclinic and tetragonal BiVO4 with scheelite structure and their photocatalytic properties. Chem. Mater. 13, 4624–4628 (2001).

Hong, S. J., Lee, S., Jang, J. S. & Lee, J. S. Heterojunction BiVO4/WO3 electrodes for enhanced photoactivity of water oxidation. Energy Environ. Sci. 4, 1781–1787 (2011).

Abdi, F. F. & van de Krol, R. Nature and light dependence of bulk recombination in Co-Pi-catalyzed BiVO4 photoanodes. J. Phys. Chem. C 116, 9398–9404 (2012).

Seabold, J. A. & Choi, K. S. Efficient and stable photo-oxidation of water by a bismuth vanadate photoanode coupled with an iron oxyhydroxide oxygen evolution catalyst. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 134, 2186–2192 (2012).

Luo, W. J. et al. Solar hydrogen generation from seawater with a modified BiVO4 photoanode. Energy Environ. Sci. 4, 4046–4051 (2011).

Zhong, D. K., Choi, S. & Gamelin, D. R. Near-complete suppression of surface recombination in solar photoelectrolysis by "Co-Pi" catalyst-modified W:BiVO4 . J. Am. Chem. Soc. 133, 18370–18377 (2011).

Pilli, S. K. et al. Cobalt-phosphate (Co-Pi) catalyst modified Mo-doped BiVO4 photoelectrodes for solar water oxidation. Energy Environ. Sci. 4, 5028–5034 (2011).

Berglund, S. P., Rettie, A. J. E., Hoang, S. & Mullins, C. B. Incorporation of Mo and W into nanostructured BiVO4 films for efficient photoelectrochemical water oxidation. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 14, 7065–7075 (2012).

Zhang, K., Shi, X. J., Kim, J. K. & Park, J. H. Photoelectrochemical cells with tungsten trioxide/Mo-doped BiVO4 bilayers. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 14, 11119–11124 (2012).

Saito, R., Miseki, Y. & Sayama, K. Highly efficient photoelectrochemical water splitting using a thin film photoanode of BiVO4/SnO2/WO3 multi-composite in a carbonate electrolyte. Chem. Commun. 48, 3833–3835 (2012).

Eron, M. & Rothwarf, A. Interface charging and solar-cell characteristics—CuInSe2/CdS. J. Appl. Phys. 57, 2275–2279 (1985).

Saad, M. & Kassis, A. Effect of interface recombination on solar cell parameters. Solar Energy Mater. Solar Cells 79, 507–517 (2003).

Fossum, J. G. Physical operation of back-surface-field silicon solar cells. IEEE Trans. Electron Devices 24, 322–325 (1977).

Dotan, H. et al. Probing the photoelectrochemical properties of hematite (alpha-Fe2O3) electrodes using hydrogen peroxide as a hole scavenger. Energy Environ. Sci. 4, 958–964 (2011).

Duret, A. & Grätzel, M. Visible light-induced water oxidation on mesoscopic alpha-Fe2O3 films made by ultrasonic spray pyrolysis. J. Phys. Chem. B 109, 17184–17191 (2005).

Itoh, K. & Bockris, J. O. Thin-film photoelectrochemistry: iron-oxide. J. Electrochem. Soc. 131, 1266–1271 (1984).

Tilley, S. D., Cornuz, M., Sivula, K. & Grätzel, M. Light-induced water splitting with hematite: improved nanostructure and iridium oxide catalysis. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 49, 6405–6408 (2010).

Alexander, B. D. et al. Metal oxide photoanodes for solar hydrogen production. J. Mater. Chem. 18, 2298–2303 (2008).

Sivula, K., Le Formal, F. & Grätzel, M. Solar water splitting: progress using hematite (alpha-Fe2O3) photoelectrodes. ChemSusChem 4, 432–449 (2011).

Brillet, J. et al. Examining architectures of photoanode-photovoltaic tandem cells for solar water splitting. J. Mater. Res. 25, 17–24 (2010).

Abdi, F. F., Firet, N., Dabirian, A. & van de Krol, R. Spray-deposited Co-Pi catalyzed BiVO4: a low-cost route towards highly efficient photoanodes. MRS Online Proc. Libr. 1446, http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/opl.2012.811 (2012).

Jeremiasse, A. W. et al. Performance of metal alloys as hydrogen evolution reaction catalysts in a microbial electrolysis cell. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 36, 10482–10489 (2011).

Linic, S., Christopher, P. & Ingram, D. B. Plasmonic-metal nanostructures for efficient conversion of solar to chemical energy. Nat. Mater. 10, 911–921 (2011).

Warren, S. C. & Thimsen, E. Plasmonic solar water splitting. Energy Environ. Sci. 5, 5133–5146 (2012).

Liang, Y. Q., Tsubota, T., Mooij, L. P. A. & van de Krol, R. Highly improved quantum efficiencies for thin film BiVO4 photoanodes. J. Phys. Chem. C 115, 17594–17598 (2011).