Efficacy of conjugated linoleic acid for reducing fat mass: a meta-analysis in humans

Chin, 1992, Dietary sources of conjugated dienoic isomers of linoleic acid, a newly recognised class of anticarcinogens, J Food Compos Anal, 5, 185, 10.1016/0889-1575(92)90037-K

Pariza, 2004, Perspective on the safety and effectiveness of conjugated linoleic acid, Am J Clin Nutr, 79, 1132S, 10.1093/ajcn/79.6.1132S

Park, 1997, Effect of conjugated linoleic acid on body composition in mice, Lipids, 32, 853, 10.1007/s11745-997-0109-x

West, 1998, Effects of conjugated linoleic acid on body fat and energy metabolism in the mouse, Am J Physiol, 275, R667

West, 2000, Conjugated linoleic acid persistently increases total energy expenditure in AKR/J mice without increasing uncoupling protein gene expression, J Nutr, 130, 2471, 10.1093/jn/130.10.2471

Dugan, 2004, Conjugated linoleic acid pork research, Am J Clin Nutr, 79, 1212S, 10.1093/ajcn/79.6.1212S

de Deckere, 1999, Effects of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) isomers on lipid levels and peroxisome proliferation in the hamster, Br J Nutr, 82, 309, 10.1017/S0007114599001518

Simon, 2005, Body fat-lowering effect of conjugated linoleic acid is not due to increased lipolysis, J Physiol Biochem, 61, 363, 10.1007/BF03167053

Sher, 2003, Dietary conjugated linoleic acid lowers plasma cholesterol during cholesterol supplementation, but accentuates the atherogenic lipid profile during the acute phase response in hamsters, J Nutr, 133, 456, 10.1093/jn/133.2.456

Sanders, 2004, Effects of specific conjugated linoleic acid isomers on growth characteristics in obese Zucker rats, Lipids, 39, 537, 10.1007/s11745-004-1260-0

Mirand, 2004, Cis-9, trans-11 and trans-10, cis-12 conjugated linoleic acid isomers do not modify body composition in adult sedentary or exercised rats, J Nutr, 134, 2263, 10.1093/jn/134.9.2263

Choi, 2004, Selectively hydrogenated soybean oil with conjugated linoleic acid modifies body composition and plasma lipids in rats, J Nutr Biochem, 15, 411, 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2003.12.002

Park, 1999, Evidence that the trans-10,cis-12 isomer of conjugated linoleic acid induces body composition changes in mice, Lipids, 34, 235, 10.1007/s11745-999-0358-8

Gavino, 2000, An isomeric mixture of conjugated linoleic acids but not pure cis-9, trans-11-octadecadienoic acid affects body weight gain and plasma lipids in hamsters, J Nutr, 130, 27, 10.1093/jn/130.1.27

Pariza, 2001, The biologically active isomers of conjugated linoleic acid, Prog Lipid Res, 40, 283, 10.1016/S0163-7827(01)00008-X

Blankson, 2000, Conjugated linoleic acid reduces body fat mass in overweight and obese humans, J Nutr, 130, 2943, 10.1093/jn/130.12.2943

Gaullier, 2004, Conjugated linoleic acid supplementation for 1 y reduces body fat mass in healthy overweight humans, Am J Clin Nutr, 79, 1118, 10.1093/ajcn/79.6.1118

Mougios, 2001, Effect of supplementation with conjugated linoleic acid on human serum lipids and body fat, J Nutr Biochem, 12, 585, 10.1016/S0955-2863(01)00177-2

Smedman, 2001, Conjugated linoleic acid supplementation in humans–metabolic effects, Lipids, 36, 773, 10.1007/s11745-001-0784-7

Gaullier, 2007, Six months supplementation with conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) induces regional-specific fat mass decreases in overweight and obese, Br J Nutr, 97, 50, 10.1017/S0007114507381324

Watras, 2007, The role of conjugated linoleic acid in reducing body fat and preventing holiday weight gain, Int J Obesity, 31, 481, 10.1038/sj.ijo.0803437

Pinkoski, 2006, The effects of conjugated linoleic acid supplementation during resistance training, Med Sci Sports Exerc, 38, 339, 10.1249/01.mss.0000183860.42853.15

Berven, 2000, Safety of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) in overweight or obese human volunteers, Eur J Lipid Sci Technol, 102, 455, 10.1002/1438-9312(200008)102:7<455::AID-EJLT455>3.0.CO;2-V

Riserus, 2002, Treatment with dietary trans10cis12 conjugated linoleic acid causes isomer-specific insulin resistance in obese men with the metabolic syndrome, Diabetes Care, 25, 1516, 10.2337/diacare.25.9.1516

Malpuech-Brugere, 2004, Effects of two conjugated linoleic acid isomers on body fat mass in overweight humans, Obes Res, 12, 591, 10.1038/oby.2004.68

Atkinson, 1999, Conjugated linoleic acid for altering body composition and treating obesity, 348

Kreider, 2002, Effects of conjugated linoleic acid supplementation during resistance training on body composition, bone density, strength, and selected hematological markers, J Strength Cond Res, 16, 325

Riserus, 2004, Effects of cis-9,trans-11 conjugated linoleic acid supplementation on insulin sensitivity, lipid peroxidation, and proinflammatory markers in obese men, Am J Clin Nutr, 80, 279, 10.1093/ajcn/80.2.279

Petridou, 2003, Supplementation with CLA: isomer incorporation into serum lipids and effect on body fat of women, Lipids, 38, 805, 10.1007/s11745-003-1129-2

Eyjolfson, 2004, Conjugated linoleic acid improves insulin sensitivity in young, sedentary humans, Med Sci Sports Exerc, 36, 814, 10.1249/01.MSS.0000126391.42896.31

Taylor, 2006, Conjugated linoleic acid impairs endothelial function, Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, 26, 307, 10.1161/01.ATV.0000199679.40501.ac

Lambert EV, Goedecke JH, Bluett K, et al. Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) vs. high-oleic acid sunflower oil: effects on energy metabolism, glucose tolerance, blood lipids, appetite and body composition in regularly exercising individuals. Br J Nutr 2007(in press).

Gaullier, 2005, Supplementation with conjugated linoleic acid for 24 months is well tolerated by and reduces body fat mass in healthy, overweight humans, J Nutr, 135, 778, 10.1093/jn/135.4.778

Kamphuis, 2003, The effect of conjugated linoleic acid supplementation after weight loss on body weight regain, body composition, and resting metabolic rate in overweight subjects, Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord, 27, 840, 10.1038/sj.ijo.0802304

Larsen, 2006, Conjugated linoleic acid supplementation for 1 y does not prevent weight or body fat regain, Am J Clin Nutr, 83, 606, 10.1093/ajcn.83.3.606

Whigham, 2004, Safety profile of conjugated linoleic acid in a 12-month trial in obese humans, Food Chem Toxicol, 42, 1701, 10.1016/j.fct.2004.06.008

Zambell, 2000, Conjugated linoleic acid supplementation in humans: effects on body composition and energy expenditure, Lipids, 35, 777, 10.1007/s11745-000-0585-z

Thom, 2001, Conjugated linoleic acid reduces body fat in healthy exercising humans, J Int Med Res, 29, 392, 10.1177/147323000102900503

Fogelholm, 1997, Comparison of body composition methods: a literature analysis, Eur J Clin Nutr, 51, 495, 10.1038/sj.ejcn.1600448

Ogden, 2004, Mean bodyweight, height, and body mass index, United States1960–2002

Gaullier, 2002, Clinical trial results support a preference for using CLA preparations enriched with two isomers rather than four isomers in human studies, Lipids, 37, 1019, 10.1007/s11745-002-0995-y

Wang, 2004, Conjugated linoleic acid and obesity control: efficacy and mechanisms, Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord, 28, 941, 10.1038/sj.ijo.0802641

Riserus, 2002, Supplementation with conjugated linoleic acid causes isomer-dependent oxidative stress and elevated C-reactive protein: a potential link to fatty acid-induced insulin resistance, Circulation, 106, 1925, 10.1161/01.CIR.0000033589.15413.48

Pepys, 2003, C-reactive protein: a critical update, J Clin Invest, 111, 1805, 10.1172/JCI200318921

Brown, 2001, White blood cell count: an independent predictor of coronary heart disease mortality among a national cohort, J Clin Epidemiol, 54, 316, 10.1016/S0895-4356(00)00296-1

Cracowski, 2002, Isoprostanes as a biomarker of lipid peroxidation in humans: physiology, pharmacology and clinical implications, Trends Pharmacol Sci, 23, 360, 10.1016/S0165-6147(02)02053-9

Musiek, 2005, Cyclopentenone isoprostanes inhibit the inflammatory response in macrophages, J Biol Chem, 280, 35562, 10.1074/jbc.M504785200

Lee, 1994, Conjugated linoleic acid and atherosclerosis in rabbits, Atherosclerosis, 108, 19, 10.1016/0021-9150(94)90034-5

Kritchevsky, 2000, Influence of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) on establishment and progression of atherosclerosis in rabbits, J Am Coll Nutr, 19, 472S, 10.1080/07315724.2000.10718950

Kritchevsky, 2004, Conjugated linoleic acid isomer effects in atherosclerosis: growth and regression of lesions, Lipids, 39, 611, 10.1007/s11745-004-1273-8

Whigham, 2001, CLA reduces antigen-induced histamine and PGE(2) release from sensitized guinea pig tracheae, Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol, 280, R908, 10.1152/ajpregu.2001.280.3.R908

Whigham, 2002, Decreased antigen-induced eicosanoid release in conjugated linoleic acid-fed guinea pigs, Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol, 282, R1104, 10.1152/ajpregu.00075.2001

Jaudszus, 2005, Cis-9,trans-11-CLA exerts anti-inflammatory effects in human bronchial epithelial cells and eosinophils: comparison to trans-10,cis-12-CLA and to linoleic acid, Biochim Biophys Acta, 1737, 111, 10.1016/j.bbalip.2005.11.001

Yang, 2003, Dietary CLA decreased weight loss and extended survival following the onset of kidney failure in NZB/W F1 mice, Lipids, 38, 21, 10.1007/s11745-003-1026-8

Butz, 2002, CLA Modulated immune-induced cachexia after immunization with arthritogenic collagen type II, FASEB J, 16, A985

Hontecillas, 2002, Nutritional regulation of porcine bacterial-induced colitis by conjugated linoleic acid, J Nutr, 132, 2019, 10.1093/jn/132.7.2019

Miller, 1994, Feeding conjugated linoleic acid to animals partially overcomes catabolic responses due to endotoxin injection, Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 198, 1107, 10.1006/bbrc.1994.1157

Graves, 2005, Conjugated linoleic acid preserves gastrocnemius muscle mass in mice bearing the colon-26 adenocarcinoma, Res Nurs Health, 28, 48, 10.1002/nur.20052

Moloney, 2004, Conjugated linoleic acid supplementation, insulin sensitivity, and lipoprotein metabolism in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, Am J Clin Nutr, 80, 887, 10.1093/ajcn/80.4.887

Medina, 2000, Conjugated linoleic acid supplementation in humans: effects on circulating leptin concentrations and appetite, Lipids, 35, 783, 10.1007/s11745-000-0586-y

Noone, 2002, The effect of dietary supplementation using isomeric blends of conjugated linoleic acid on lipid metabolism in healthy human subjects, Br J Nutr, 88, 243, 10.1079/BJN2002615

Belury, 2002, Dietary conjugated linoleic acid in health: physiological effects and mechanisms of action, Annu Rev Nutr, 22, 505, 10.1146/annurev.nutr.22.021302.121842

Belury, 2003, The conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) isomer, t10c12-CLA, is inversely associated with changes in body weight and serum leptin in subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus, J Nutr, 133, 257S, 10.1093/jn/133.1.257S

Basu, 2000, Conjugated linoleic acid induces lipid peroxidation in men with abdominal obesity, Clin Sci, 99, 511, 10.1042/cs0990511

Riserus, 2001, Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) reduced abdominal adipose tissue in obese middle-aged men with signs of the metabolic syndrome: a randomised controlled trial, Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord, 25, 1129, 10.1038/sj.ijo.0801659

Albers, 2003, Effects of cis-9, trans-11 and trans-10, cis-12 conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) isomers on immune function in healthy men, Eur J Clin Nutr, 57, 595, 10.1038/sj.ejcn.1601585

Song, 2005, Effect of CLA supplementation on immune function in young healthy volunteers, Eur J Clin Nutr, 59, 508, 10.1038/sj.ejcn.1602102