Effects of quantitative feed restriction and sex on carcass traits, meat quality and meat lipid profile of Morada Nova lambs
Tóm tắt
An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of feed restriction (FR) and sex on the quantitative and qualitative carcass traits of Morada Nova lambs. Thirty-five animals with an initial body weight of 14.5 ± 0.89 kg and age of 120 d were used in a completely randomized study with a 3 × 3 factorial scheme consisting of three sexes (11 entire males, 12 castrated males and 12 females) and three levels of feeding (ad libitum – AL and 30% and 60% FR). Entire males presented greater hot and cold carcass weights (P < 0.05), followed by castrated males and females. However, the hot carcass yield was higher for females and castrated males than for entire males. Luminosity values were influenced (P < 0.05) by sex, with entire males presenting higher values than castrated males and females. Females showed higher (P < 0.05) concentrations of linoleic acid and arachidonic acid in the meat of the longissimus thoracis muscle. The meat of animals submitted to AL intake and 30% FR showed similar (P > 0.05) concentrations, and the concentrations of palmitic acid, palmitoleic acid, stearic acid, oleic acid and conjugated linoleic acid were higher (P < 0.05) than those of animals with 60% FR. The meat of females had a higher ω6/ω3 ratio and lower h/H ratio, and females had greater levels of feeding. The meat of animals on the 60% FR diet had a greater ω6/ω3 ratio, lower h/H ratio and lower concentration of desirable fatty acids in addition to a greater atherogenicity index (AI) and thrombogenicity index (TI). Lambs of different sexes had carcasses with different quantitative traits without total influence on the chemical and physical meat characteristics. The lipid profile of the meat was less favorable to consumer health when the animals were female or submitted to 60% feed restriction.
Tài liệu tham khảo
Mlambo V, Mapiye C. Towards household food and nutrition security in semi-arid areas: What role for condensed tannin-rich ruminant feedstuffs? Food Res. 2015;76:953–61. Int. Elsevier Ltd.
Toro-Mujica P, Aguilar C, Vera R, Rivas J, García A. Sheep production systems in the semi-arid zone: Changes and simulated bio-economic performances in a case study in Central Chile. Livest Sci. 2015;180:209–19. Elsevier.
Selvaggi M, Laudadio V, Dario C, Tufarelli V. Investigating the genetic polymorphism of sheep milk proteins: a useful tool for dairy production. J Sci Food Agric. 2014;94:3090–9.
Pereira ES, Carmo ABR, Costa MRGF, Medeiros AN, Oliveira RL, Pinto AP, et al. Mineral requirements of hair sheep in tropical climates. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl). 2016;100:1090–6.
Craigie CR, Lambe NR, Richardson RI, Haresign W, Maltin CA, Rehfeldt C, et al. The effect of sex on some carcass and meat quality traits in Texel ewe and ram lambs. Anim Prod Sci. 2012;52:601–7.
Sales J. Quantification of the effects of castration on carcass and meat quality of sheep by meta-analysis. Meat Sci. 2014;98:858–68. Elsevier Ltd.
Hopkins DL, Mortimer SI. Effect of genotype, gender and age on sheep meat quality and a case study illustrating integration of knowledge. Meat Sci. 2014;98:544–55. Elsevier B.V.
Neto SG, Bezerra LR, Medeiros AN, Ferreira MA, Filho ECP, Cândido EP, et al. Feed Restriction and Compensatory Growth in Guzerá Females. Asian Australas J Anim Sci. 2011;24:791–9.
Bezerra LR, Neto SG, de Medeiros AN, Mariz TM de A, Oliveira RL, Cândido EP, et al. Feed restriction followed by realimentation in prepubescent Zebu females. Trop Anim Health Prod. 2013;45:1161–9.
Madruga MS, Torres TS, Carvalho FF, Queiroga RC, Narain N, Garrutti D, et al. Meat quality of Moxotó and Canindé goats as affected by two levels of feeding. Meat Sci. 2008;80:1019–23.
Lopes LS, Martins SR, Chizzotti ML, Busato KC, Oliveira IM, Machado Neto OR, et al. Meat quality and fatty acid profile of Brazilian goats subjected to different nutritional treatments. Meat Sci. 2014;97:602–8. Elsevier Ltd.
NRC. Nutrient Requirement of Small Ruminants. Sheep, Goats, Cervids, and New World Camelids. Washington: The National Academies Press; 2007.
Cañeque V, Sañudo C. Metodología para el estudio de la calidad de la canal y de la carne en rumiantes. Madrid: Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnologia y Alimenticia; 2001.
Miltenburg GA, Wensing T, Smulders FJ, Breukink HJ. Relationship between blood hemoglobin, plasma and tissue iron, muscle heme pigment, and carcass color of veal. J Anim Sci. 1992;70:2766–72.
MacDougall DB, Taylor AA. Colour retention in fresh meat stored in oxygen-a commercial scale trial. Int J Food Sci Technol. 2007;10:339–47.
AMSA. Guidlines for cooking and sensory evaluation of meat. Chicago: American Meat Science Association. National livestock and meat board; 1978.
Shackelford SD, Wheeler TL, Koohmaraie M. Evaluation of slice shear force as an objective method of assessing beef longissimus tenderness. J Anim Sci. 1999;77:2693.
Cherian G, Selvaraj RK, Goeger MP, Stitt PA. Muscle fatty acid composition and thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances of broilers fed different cultivars of sorghum. Poult Sci. 2002;81:1415–20.
AOAC. Official Analytical Methods of Analysis. 17th ed. Washington: Association of Official Agricultural Chemists; 2002.
Folch J, Lees M, Stanley G. A simple method for the isolation and purification of total lipides from animal tissues. J Biol Chem. 1957;226:497–509.
Hartman L, Lago RC. Rapid preparation of fatty acid methyl esters from lipids. Lab Pract London. 1973;22:475–6.
Weihrauch JL, Posati LP, Anderson BA, Exler J. Lipid conversion factors for calculating fatty acid contents of foods. J Am Oil Chem Soc. 1977;54:36–40.
Rhee KS. Fatty acids in meats and meat products. In: Chow CK, editor. Fat. Acids Foods Their Heal. Implic. 2nd ed. New York: Marcel Dekker; 2000.
Ulbricht TL, Southgate DA. Coronary heart disease: seven dietary factors. Lancet. 1991;338:985–92.
Santos-Silva J, Bessa RJ, Santos-Silva F. Effect of genotype, feeding system and slaughter weight on the quality of light lambs. Livest Prod Sci. 2002;77:187–94.
Malau-Aduli AEO, Siebert BD, Bottema CDK, Pitchford WS. A comparison of the fatty acid composition of triacylglycerols in adipose tissue from Limousin and Jersey cattle. Aust J Agric Res. 1997;48:715.
AOAC. Official methods of analysis. 15th ed. Washington: Association of Official Agricultural Chemists; 1990.
Van Soest PJ, Robertson JB, Lewis BA. Methods for Dietary Fiber, Neutral Detergent Fiber, and Nonstarch Polysaccharides in Relation to Animal Nutrition. J Dairy Sci. 1991;74:3583–97.
Robertson JB, Van Soest PJ. The detergent system of analysis and its application to human foods. New York: Marcel Dekker; 1981. p. 123. Anal. Diet. fiber food.
Mertens DR. Creating a System for Meeting the Fiber Requirements of Dairy Cows. J Dairy Sci. 1997;80:1463–81.
Sas I. SAS User’s Guide: Basics. Cary: SAS Inst. Inc.; 2008.
Costa MRGF, Pereira ES, Silva AMA, Paulino PVR, Mizubuti IY, Pimentel PG, et al. Body composition and net energy and protein requirements of Morada Nova lambs. Small Ruminant Res. 2013;114:206–13. Elsevier B.V.
Cardoso LA, Almeida AM de. Seasonal weight loss-an assessment of losses and implications for animal welfare and production in the tropics: Southern Africa and Western Australia as case studies. Enhancing Anim. Welf. farmer income through Strateg. Anim. Feed. Some case Stud. Rome (Italy): FAO, Rome (Italy), Animal Production and Health Division; 2013. p. 37–44
McManus C, Paiva SR, De Araújo RO. Genetics and breeding of sheep in Brazil. Rev Bras Zootec. 2010;39:236–46.
Scanlon TT, Almeida AM, van Burgel A, Kilminster T, Milton J, Greeff JC, et al. Live weight parameters and feed intake in Dorper, Damara and Australian Merino lambs exposed to restricted feeding. Small Ruminant Res. 2013;109:101–6. Elsevier B.V.
Almeida AM, Schwalbach LM, De Waal HO, Greyling JPC, Cardoso LA. The effect of supplementation on productive performance of Boer goat bucks fed winter veld hay. Tropl Anim Health Prod. 2006;38:443–9.
Pereira ES, Fontenele RM, Silva AMA, Oliveira RL, Ferreira MRG, Mizubuti IY, et al. Body composition and net energy requirements of Brazilian Somali lambs. Ital J Anim Sci. 2014;13:880–6.
van Harten S, Kilminster T, Scanlon T, Milton J, Oldham C, Greeff J, et al. Fatty acid composition of the ovine longissimus dorsi muscle: effect of feed restriction in three breeds of different origin. J Sci Food Agric. 2015;96:1777–82.
Almeida AK, Resende KT, Tedeschi LO, Fernandes MHMR, Regadas Filho JGL, Teixeira IAMA. Using body composition to determine weight at maturity of male and female Saanen goats. J Anim Sci. 2016;94:2564.
Clarke SD, Clarke IJ, Rao A, Cowley MA, Henry BA. Sex Differences in the Metabolic Effects of Testosterone in Sheep. Endocrinology. 2012;153:123–31.
Kelly DM, Jones TH. Testosterone: a metabolic hormone in health and disease. J Endocrinol. 2013;217:R25–45.
Santos VAC, Cabo A, Raposo P, Silva JA, Azevedo JMT, Silva SR. The effect of carcass weight and sex on carcass composition and meat quality of “Cordeiro Mirandês”—Protected designation of origin lambs. Small Rumin Res. 2015;130:136–40. Elsevier B.V.
Nurnberg K, Wegner J, Ender K. Factors influencing fat composition in muscle and adipose tissue of farm animals. Livest Prod Sci. 1998;56:145–56.
Shi H, Clegg DJ. Sex differences in the regulation of body weight. Physiol Behav. 2009;97:199–204. Elsevier Inc.
Breier BH, Gluckman PD. The regulation of postnatal growth: nutritional influences on endocrine pathways and function of the somatotrophic axis. Livest Prod Sci. 1991;27:77–94.
Kozloski GV. Bioquímica dos Ruminantes. Santa Maria: UFSM; 2002.
Hedrick HB, Aberle ED, Forrest JC, Judge MD, R.A. M. Principles of Meat Science. 3rd ed. Yowa: Kendall and Hunt; 1994
Osório JCDS, Osório MTM, Sañudo C. Características sensoriais da carne ovina. Rev Bras Zootec. 2009;38:292–300.
Lindahl G, Lundström K, Tornberg E. Contribution of pigment content, myoglobin forms and internal reflectance to the colour of pork loin and ham from pure breed pigs. Meat Sci. 2001;59:141–51.
Krzywicki K. Assessment of relative content of myoglobin, oxymyoglobin and metmyoglobin at the surface of beef. Meat Sci. 1979;3:1–10.
Sañudo C, Sierra I, Olleta JL, Martin L, Campo MM, Santolaria P, et al. Influence of weaning on carcass quality fatty acid composition and meat quality in intensive lamb production systems. Anim Sci. 1998;66:175–88.
Geay Y, Bauchart D, Hocquette J-F, Culioli J. Effect of nutritional factors on biochemical, structural and metabolic characteristics of muscles in ruminants, consequences on dietetic value and sensorial qualities of meat. Reprod Nutr Dev. 2001;41:1–26.
Bessa RJB, Alves SP, Santos-Silva J. Constraints and potentials for the nutritional modulation of the fatty acid composition of ruminant meat. Eur J Lipid Sci Technol. 2015;117:1325–44.
Santora JE, Palmquist DL, Roehrig KL. Trans-vaccenic acid is desaturated to conjugated linoleic acid in mice. J Nutr. 2000;130:208–15.
Wood JD, Richardson R, Nute G, Fisher A, Campo M, Kasapidou E, et al. Effects of fatty acids on meat quality: a review. Meat Sci. 2003;66:21–32.
FAO. Fats and fatty acids in human nutrition. Report of an expert consultation. Rome: Food and agriculture organization of the united nations; 2010. FAO Food Nutr. Pap.
Harvatine KJ, Allen MS. Fat supplements affect fractional rates of ruminal fatty acid biohydrogenation and passage in dairy cows. J Nutr. 2006;136:677–85.
Hocquette JF, Gondret F, Baéza E, Médale F, Jurie C, Pethick DW. Intramuscular fat content in meat-producing animals: development, genetic and nutritional control, and identification of putative markers. Animal. 2010;4:303–19.
Alves SP, Bessa RJB, Quaresma MAG, Kilminster T, Scanlon T, Oldham C, et al. Does the Fat Tailed Damara Ovine Breed Have a Distinct Lipid Metabolism Leading to a High Concentration of Branched Chain Fatty Acids in Tissues? Schunck W-H, editor. PLoS One. 2013;8:e77313
Smith SB, Kawachi H, Choi CB, Choi CW, Wu G, Sawyer JE. Cellular regulation of bovine intramuscular adipose tissue development and composition. J Anim Sci. 2009;87:E72–82.
Noci F, French P, Monahan FJ, Moloney AP. The fatty acid composition of muscle fat and subcutaneous adipose tissue of grazing heifers supplemented with plant oil-enriched concentrates. J Anim Sci. 2007;85:1062.
Costa ASH, Silva MP, Alfaia CPM, Pires VMR, Fontes CMGA, Bessa RJB, et al. Genetic Background and Diet Impact Beef Fatty Acid Composition and Stearoyl-CoA Desaturase mRNA Expression. Lipids. 2013;48:369–81.
Noci F, Monahan FJ, French P, Moloney AP. The fatty acid composition of muscle fat and subcutaneous adipose tissue of pasture-fed beef heifers: Influence of the duration of grazing. J Anim Sci. 2005;83:1167–78.
Wood JD, Enser M, Fisher AV, Nute GR, Sheard PR, Richardson RI, et al. Fat deposition, fatty acid composition and meat quality: A review. Meat Sci. 2008;78:343–58.
Raes K, De Smet S, Demeyer D. Effect of dietary fatty acids on incorporation of long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids and conjugated linoleic acid in lamb, beef and pork meat: a review. Anim Feed Sci Technol. 2004;113:199–221.
Komprda T, Kuchtík J, Jarošová A, Dračková E, Zemánek L, Filipčík B. Meat quality characteristics of lambs of three organically raised breeds. Meat Sci. 2012;91:499–505.
Lestingi A, Facciolongo AM, Marzo DD, Nicastro F, Toteda F. The use of faba bean and sweet lupin seeds in fattening lamb feed. 2. Effects on meat quality and fatty acid composition. Small Ruminant Res. 2015;131:2–5. Elsevier B.V.
Liu J, Guo J, Wang F, Yue Y, Zhang W, Feng R, et al. Carcass and meat quality characteristics of Oula lambs in China. Small Ruminant Res. 2015;123:251–9. Elsevier B.V.
Laudadio V, Tufarelli V. Influence of substituting dietary soybean meal for dehulled-micronized lupin (Lupinus albus cv. Multitalia) on early phase laying hens production and egg quality. Livest Sci. 2011;140:184–8. Elsevier B.V.
Fiorentini G, Lage JF, Carvalho IPC, Messana JD, Canesin RC, Reis RA, et al. Lipid sources with different fatty acid profile alters the fatty acid profile and quality of beef from confined Nellore steers. Asian Australas J Anim Sci. 2015;28:976–86.
Oliveira DM, Ladeira MM, Chizzotti ML, Machado Neto OR, Ramos EM, Goncalves TM, et al. Fatty acid profile and qualitative characteristics of meat from zebu steers fed with different oilseeds. J Anim Sci. 2011;89:2546–55.