Effects of a High-Volume 7-Week Pectoralis Muscle Stretching Training on Muscle Function and Muscle Stiffness
Tóm tắt
There is evidence that high-volume static stretching training of the lower limbs can increase the range of motion (ROM) while decreasing muscles stiffness. However, to date, there is no evidence on the effects of upper limb stretching training or its effect mechanism. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effects of a comprehensive 7-week static stretching training program of the pectoralis major muscle (PMa) on glenohumeral joint ROM, muscle force, and muscle stiffness. Thirty-eight healthy, physically active participants (23 male, 15 female) were randomly assigned to either the PMa-static stretching intervention (PMa-SS) group or the control group. The PMa-SS group performed a 7-week intervention comprising three sessions a week for 15 min per session, including three static stretching exercises of the PMa for 5 min each. Before and after the intervention period, shoulder extension ROM, muscle stiffness of the PMa (pars clavicularis), and maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC) peak torque (evaluated at both long (MVIClong) and short (MVICshort) muscle lengths) were investigated on a custom-made testing device at 45° shoulder abduction. In the PMa-SS group, the shoulder extension ROM (+ 6%; p < 0.01; d = 0.92) and the MVIClong (+ 11%; p = 0.01; d = 0.76) increased. However, there were no significant changes in MVICshort or in PMa muscle stiffness in the PMa-SS group. In the control group, no changes occurred in any parameter. In addition to the increase in ROM, we also observed an improved MVIC at longer but not shorter muscle lengths. This potentially indicates an increase in fascicle length, and hence a likely increase in sarcomeres in series.
Tài liệu tham khảo
Halder AM, Itoi E, An KN. Anatomy and biomechanics of the shoulder. Orthop Clin N Am. 2000;31:159–76.
Kim M-K, Lee JC, Yoo K-T. The effects of shoulder stabilization exercises and pectoralis minor stretching on balance and maximal shoulder muscle strength of healthy young adults with round shoulder posture. J Phys Ther Sci. 2018;30:373–80.
Umehara J, Nakamura M, Nishishita S, Tanaka H, Kusano K, Ichihashi N. Scapular kinematic alterations during arm elevation with decrease in pectoralis minor stiffness after stretching in healthy individuals. J Shoulder Elb Surg. 2018;27:1214–20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jse.2018.02.037.
Le Gal J, Begon M, Gillet B, Rogowski I. Effects of self-myofascial release on shoulder function and perception in adolescent tennis players. J Sport Rehabil. 2018;27:530–5.
Kanhachon W, Boonprakob Y. Modified-active release therapy in patients with scapulocostal syndrome and masticatory myofascial pain: a stratified-randomized controlled trial. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021;18:8533.
Cardoso R, Meneses RF, Lumini-Oliveira J, Pestana P. Myofascial release effects in teachers’ posture, muscle tension and voice quality: a randomized controlled trial. J Voice. 2021. In press. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvoice.2021.03.029
De Groef A, Van Kampen M, Verlvoesem N, Dieltjens E, Vos L, De Vrieze T, et al. Effect of myofascial techniques for treatment of upper limb dysfunctions in breast cancer survivors: randomized controlled trial. Support Care Cancer. 2017;25:2119–27.
Hodgins JL, Rubenstein W, Kovacevic D, Padaki A, Jobin CM, Ahmad CS. Pectoralis minor contracture in throwing shoulders of asymptomatic adolescent baseball players. Orthop J Sport Med. 2017;5:2325967117728041.
Laudner K, Thorson K. Acute effects of pectoralis minor self-mobilization on shoulder motion and posture: a blinded and randomized placebo-controlled study in asymptomatic individuals. J Sport Rehabil. 2020;29:420–4.
Mahieu NN, McNair P, De Muynck M, Stevens V, Blanckaert I, Smits N, et al. Effect of static and ballistic stretching on the muscle-tendon tissue properties. Med Sci Sport Exerc. 2007;39:494–501.
Nakamura M, Yahata K, Sato S, Kiyono R, Yoshida R, Fukaya T, et al. Training and detraining effects following a static stretching program on medial gastrocnemius passive properties. Front Physiol. 2021;12:656579.
Panidi I, Bogdanis GC, Terzis G, Donti A, Konrad A, Gaspari V, et al. Muscle architectural and functional adaptations following 12-weeks of stretching in adolescent female athletes. Front Physiol. 2021;12:701338. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2021.701338/full.
Konrad A, Tilp M. Increased range of motion after static stretching is not due to changes in muscle and tendon structures. Clin Biomech. 2014;29:636–42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2014.04.013.
Kokkonen J, Nelson AG, Eldredge C, Winchester JB. Chronic static stretching improves exercise performance. Med Sci Sport Exerc. 2007;39:1825–31.
Medeiros DM, Lima CSS. Influence of chronic stretching on muscle performance: systematic review. Hum Mov Sci. 2017;54:220–9.
Yahata K, Konrad A, Sato S, Kiyono R, Yoshida R, Fukaya T, et al. Effects of a high-volume static stretching programme on plantar-flexor muscle strength and architecture. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2021;121:1159–66.
Muanjai P, Jones DA, Mickevicius M, Satkunskiene D, Snieckus A, Rutkauskaite R, et al. The effects of 4 weeks stretching training to the point of pain on flexibility and muscle tendon unit properties. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2017;117:1713–25. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-017-3666-1.
Longo S, Cè E, Bisconti AV, Rampichini S, Doria C, Borrelli M, et al. The effects of 12 weeks of static stretch training on the functional, mechanical, and architectural characteristics of the triceps surae muscle–tendon complex. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2021;121:1743–58. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-021-04654-z.
Freitas SR, Mendes B, Le Sant G, Andrade RJ, Nordez A, Milanovic Z. Can chronic stretching change the muscle-tendon mechanical properties? A review. Scand J Med Sci Sport. 2018;28:794–806.
Magnusson SP, Simonsen EB, Aagaard P, Soørensen H, Kjær M. A mechanism for altered flexibility in human skeletal muscle. J Physiol. 1996;497:291–8.
Konrad A, Nakamura M, Tilp M, Donti O, Behm DG. Foam rolling training effects on range of motion: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sport Med. 2022;52:2523–35. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-022-01699-8.
Konrad A, Nakamura M, Paternoster FK, Tilp M, Behm DG. A comparison of a single bout of stretching or foam rolling on range of motion in healthy adults. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2022;122:1545–57. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-022-04927-1.
Konrad A, Tilp M, Nakamura M. A comparison of the effects of foam rolling and stretching on physical performance. A systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Physiol. 2021;12:720531. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2021.720531/full.
Reiner MM, Tilp M, Guilhem G, Morales-Artacho A, Konrad A. Comparison of a single vibration foam rolling and static stretching exercise on the muscle function and mechanical properties of the hamstring muscles. J Sport Sci Med. 2022;21:287–97.
Nakamura M, Sato S, Kiyono R, Yoshida R, Yasaka K, Yahata K, et al. Comparison between foam rolling with and without vibration on passive and active plantar flexor muscle properties. J Strength Cond Res. 2021;36:3339–44.
Reiner MM, Gabriel A, Tilp M, Konrad A. The acute effects of pectoralis major foam ball rolling on shoulder extension range of motion, isometric contraction torque, and muscle stiffness. J Sport Sci Med. 2023;22:51–7.
Faul F, Erdfelder E, Buchner A, Lang AG. Statistical power analyses using G*Power 3.1: tests for correlation and regression analyses. Behav Res Methods. 2009;41:1149–60.
de Oliveira LF, Cabral HV, Leitão BFM, da Matta TT. Both the resistance training session and the static stretching after exercise does not affect the pectoralis major stiffness of well-trained men. J Bodyw Mov Ther. 2020;24:321–4.
Lacourpaille L, Hug F, Bouillard K, Hogrel JY, Nordez A. Supersonic shear imaging provides a reliable measurement of resting muscle shear elastic modulus. Physiol Meas. 2012;33:N19-28.
Morales-Artacho AJ, Lacourpaille L, Guilhem G. Effects of warm-up on hamstring muscles stiffness: cycling vs foam rolling. Scand J Med Sci Sport. 2017;27:1959–69.
Gajdosik RL, Vander Linden DW, McNair PJ, Williams AK, Riggin TJ. Effects of an eight-week stretching program on the passive-elastic properties and function of the calf muscles of older women. Clin Biomech. 2005;20:973–83.
Cohen J. Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences. Hillsdale: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates; 1988.
Thomas E, Bianco A, Paoli A, Palma A. The relation between stretching typology and stretching duration: the effects on range of motion. Int J Sports Med. 2018;39:243–54.
Nakamura M, Sato S, Kiyono R, Yahata K, Yoshida R, Fukaya T, et al. Comparison of the acute effects of hold-relax and static stretching among older adults. Biology (Basel). 2021;10:126.
McHugh MP, Tallent J, Johnson CD. The role of neural tension in stretch-induced strength loss. J Strenght Cond Res. 2013;27:1327–32.
McHugh MP, Nesse M. Effect of stretching on strength loss and pain after eccentric exercise. Med Sci Sport Exerc. 2008;40:566–73.
Weir DE, Tingley J, Elder GCB. Acute passive stretching alters the mechanical properties of human plantar flexors and the optimal angle for maximal voluntary contraction. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2005;93:614–23. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-004-1265-4.
Behm DG, Kay AD, Trajano GS, Alizadeh S, Blazevich AJ. Effects of stretching on injury risk reduction and balance. J Clin Exerc Physiol. 2021;10:106–16.
Cox VM, Williams PE, Wright H, James RS, Gillott KL, Young IS, et al. Growth induced by incremental static stretch in adult rabbit latissimus dorsi muscle. Exp Physiol. 2000;85:193–202.
Coutinho EL, Gomes ARS, França CN, Oishi J, Salvini TF. Effect of passive stretching on the immobilized soleus muscle fiber morphology. Braz J Med Biol Res. 2004;37:1853–61.
Williams PE, Goldspink G. Changes in sarcomere length and physiological properties in immobilized muscle. J Anat. 1978;127:459–68.
Sato S, Hiraizumi K, Kiyono R, Fukaya T, Nishishita S, Nunes JP, et al. The effects of static stretching programs on muscle strength and muscle architecture of the medial gastrocnemius. PLoS One. 2020;15. pmc/articles/PMC7347101/. Cited 23 Jun 2022.
Simpson CL, Kim BDH, Bourcet MR, Jones GR, Jakobi JM. Stretch training induces unequal adaptation in muscle fascicles and thickness in medial and lateral gastrocnemii. Scand J Med Sci Sport. 2017;27:1597–604.
Freitas SR, Mil-Homens P. Effect of 8-week high-intensity stretching training on biceps femoris architecture. J Strength Cond Res. 2015;29:1737–40.
Cools AM, Maenhout AG, Vanderstukken F, Declève P, Johansson FR, Borms D. The challenge of the sporting shoulder: from injury prevention through sport-specific rehabilitation toward return to play. Ann Phys Rehabil Med. 2021;64:101384.
Rosa DP, Borstad JD, Pogetti LS, Camargo PR. Effects of a stretching protocol for the pectoralis minor on muscle length, function, and scapular kinematics in individuals with and without shoulder pain. J Hand Ther. 2017;30:20–9.
Fani M, Ebrahimi S, Ghanbari A. Evaluation of scapular mobilization and comparison to pectoralis minor stretching in individuals with rounded shoulder posture: a randomized controlled trial. J Bodyw Mov Ther. 2020;24:367–72.
Lugo R, Kung P, Ma CB. Shoulder biomechanics. Eur J Radiol. 2008;68:16–24.
Behm DG, Alizadeh S, Anvar SH, Drury B, Granacher U, Moran J. Non-local acute passive stretching effects on range of motion in healthy adults: a systematic review with meta-analysis. Sport Med. 2021;51:945–59. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-020-01422-5.
Konrad A, Nakamura M, Warneke K, Donti O, Gabriel A. The contralateral effects of foam rolling on range of motion and muscle performance. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2023. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-023-05142-2.
Warneke K, Keiner M, Lohmann LH, Brinkmann A, Hein A, Schiemann S, et al. Critical evaluation of commonly used methods to determine the concordance between sonography and magnetic resonance imaging: a comparative study. Front Imaging. 2022. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimag.2022.1039721/full.