Effects of Intervention Program Prev@cib on Traditional Bullying and Cyberbullying

Jéssica Ortega-Barón1, Sofía Buelga2, Ester Ayllón Negrillo3, Belén Martínez–Ferrer4, María Jesús Cava2
1Faculty of Education, Department of Psychology of Education and Psychobiology, International University of la Rioja (UNIR), Avenida de la Paz, 137, 26006 Logroño, Spain
2Faculty of Psychology, Department Social Psychology, University of Valencia, Avda Blasco Ibañez, 21, 46010 Valencia, Spain
3Faculty of Human Sciences and Education, Department of Psychology and Sociology, University of Zaragoza, Valentín Carderera, 4, 22003 Huesca, Spain
4Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Education and Social Psychology, University Pablo Olavide, 41013 Sevilla, Spain

Tóm tắt

Due to the negative consequences of being bullied and the increase in cyberbullying among adolescents, there is a need for evidence-based programs to prevent and intervene in these types of peer violence. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of the Prev@cib bullying and cyberbullying program, drawing on three theoretical frameworks: the ecological model, empowerment theory, and the model of personal and social responsibility. The Prev@cib program was evaluated using a repeated-measures pre-post-test design with an experimental group and a control group. The sample consisted of 660 adolescents between 12 and 17 years old (M = 13.58, SD = 1.26), randomly assigned to the experimental and control groups. Repeated-measures ANOVA of pre-post-test scores were conducted. Results showed a significant decrease in bullying and victimization and cyberbullying and cybervictimization in the experimental group, compared to the control group, indicating that the Prev@cib program is effective in reducing bullying and cyberbullying. Taking into account the harmful effects of these types of violence, the results have important implications in the prevention of these behaviors because they provide scientific evidence of the program’s effectiveness.

Từ khóa


Tài liệu tham khảo

Mishna, 2009, Ongoing and online: Children and youth’s perceptions of cyber bullying, Child. Youth Serv. Rev., 31, 1222, 10.1016/j.childyouth.2009.05.004

Yubero, S., Larrañaga, E., Villora, B., and Navarro, R. (2017). Negative peer relationships on piracy behavior: A cross-sectional study of the associations between cyberbullying involvement and digital piracy. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 14.

2019, Parenting styles, cyberaggression, and cybervictimization among adolescents, Comput. Hum. Behav., 93, 252, 10.1016/j.chb.2018.12.031

Aboujaoude, 2015, Cyberbullying: Review of an old problem gone viral, J. Adolesc. Heal., 57, 10, 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2015.04.011

Smith, 2008, Cyberbullying: Its nature and impact in secondary school pupils, J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry Allied Discip., 49, 376, 10.1111/j.1469-7610.2007.01846.x

Waasdorp, 2015, The overlap between cyberbullying and traditional bullying, J. Adolesc. Heal., 56, 483, 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2014.12.002

Navarro, 2015, Psychosocial risk factors for involvement in bullying behaviors: Empirical comparison between cyberbullying and social bullying victims and bullies, Sch. Ment. Health, 7, 235, 10.1007/s12310-015-9157-9

2010, Cyberbullying and its correlation to traditional bullying, gender and frequent and risky usage of internet-mediated communication tools, New Media Soc., 12, 109, 10.1177/1461444809341260

Li, 2007, New bottle but old wine: A research of cyberbullying in schools, Comput. Hum. Behav., 23, 1777, 10.1016/j.chb.2005.10.005

Slonje, 2017, Perceived reasons for the negative impact of cyberbullying and traditional bullying, Eur. J. Dev. Psychol., 14, 295, 10.1080/17405629.2016.1200461

Lazuras, 2017, Face-to-face bullying and cyberbullying in adolescents: Trans-contextual effects and role overlap, Technol. Soc., 48, 97, 10.1016/j.techsoc.2016.12.001

Olweus, 2013, School bullying: Development and some important challenges, Annu. Rev. Clin. Psychol., 9, 1, 10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-050212-185516

Kowalski, 2012, Traditional bullying as a potential warning sign of cyberbullying, Sch. Psychol. Int., 33, 505, 10.1177/0143034312445244

Moreno, 2018, Are adolescents engaged in the problematic use of social networking sites more involved in peer aggression and victimization?, Front. Psychol., 9, 1

Hinduja, 2010, Bullying, cyberbullying, and suicide, Arch. Suicide Res., 14, 206, 10.1080/13811118.2010.494133

Machimbarrena, J.M., Calvete, E., Fernández-González, L., Álvarez-Bardón, A., Álvarez-Fernández, L., and González-Cabrera, J. (2018). Internet risks: An overview of victimization in cyberbullying, cyber dating abuse, sexting, online grooming and problematic internet use. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 15.

Campbell, 2012, Victims’ perceptions of traditional and cyberbullying, and the psychosocial correlates of their victimisation, Emot. Behav. Difficulties, 17, 389, 10.1080/13632752.2012.704316

Pham, 2015, Teen victimization: Prevalence and consequences of traditional and cyberbullying, Curr. Opin. Pediatr., 27, 748, 10.1097/MOP.0000000000000290

Iranzo, B., Buelga, S., Cava, M.J., and Ortega-Barón, J. (2019). Cyberbullying, psychosocial adjustment and suicide ideation in adolescence. Psychosoc. Interv., in press.

Buelga, 2017, Differences in family climate and family communication among cyberbullies, cybervictims, and cyber bully–victims in adolescents, Comput. Hum. Behav., 76, 164, 10.1016/j.chb.2017.07.017

Bevilacqua, 2017, The role of family and school-level factors in bullying and cyberbullying: A cross-sectional study, BMC Pediatr., 17, 1, 10.1186/s12887-017-0907-8

Festl, 2013, Social relations and cyberbullying: The influence of individual and structural attributes on victimization and perpetration via the internet, Hum. Commun. Res., 39, 101, 10.1111/j.1468-2958.2012.01442.x

Mitchell, 2015, Cyberbullying and bullying must be studied within a broader peer victimization framework, J. Adolesc. Heal., 56, 473, 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2015.02.005

Buelga, 2017, School violence and attitude toward authority of student perpetrators of cyberbullying, J. Psychodidactics, 22, 23

Rigby, 2011, Is school bullying really on the rise?, Soc. Psychol. Educ., 14, 441, 10.1007/s11218-011-9158-y

Couvillon, 2011, Recommended practices: A review of schoolwide preventative programs and strategies on cyberbullying, Prev. Sch. Fail. Altern. Educ. Child. Youth, 55, 96, 10.1080/1045988X.2011.539461

Craig, 2015, Learning from traditional bullying interventions: A review of research on cyberbullying and best practice, Aggress. Violent Behav., 23, 61, 10.1016/j.avb.2015.05.009

Smith, 2004, The effectiveness of whole-school antibullying programs: A synthesis of evaluation research, Sch. Psych. Rev., 33, 547

Olweus, 2010, Bullying in school: Evaluation and dissemination of the Olweus bullying prevention program, Am. J. Orthopsychiatry, 1, 124, 10.1111/j.1939-0025.2010.01015.x

Fox, 2003, Evaluating the effectiveness of a social skills training (SST) programme for victims of bullying, Educ. Res., 45, 231, 10.1080/0013188032000137238

Menesini, 2003, Enhancing children’s responsibility to take action against bullying: Evaluation of a Be Friending intervention in italian middle schools, Aggress. Behav., 29, 1, 10.1002/ab.80012

2012, An investigation into the efficiency of empathy training program on preventing bullying in primary schools, Child. Youth Serv. Rev., 34, 1325, 10.1016/j.childyouth.2012.03.013

Williford, 2013, Effects of the KiVa antibullying program on cyberbullying and cybervictimization frequency among finnish youth, J. Clin. Child Adolesc. Psychol., 42, 820, 10.1080/15374416.2013.787623

Gradinger, 2015, Prevention of cyberbullying and cyber victimization: Evaluation of the ViSC Social Competence Program, J. Sch. Violence, 14, 87, 10.1080/15388220.2014.963231

Pearce, 2011, Current evidence of best practice in whole-school bullying intervention and its potential to inform cyberbullying interventions, Aust. J. Guid. Couns., 21, 1, 10.1375/ajgc.21.1.1

Cantone, 2015, Interventions on bullying and cyberbullying in schools: A systematic review, Clin. Pract. Epidemiol. Ment. Heal., 11, 58, 10.2174/1745017901511010058

Gaffney, H., Farrington, D.P., Espelage, D.L., and Ttofi, M.M. (2018). Are cyberbullying intervention and prevention programs effective? A systematic and meta-analytical review. Aggress. Violent Behav., in press.

Sorrentino, A., Baldry, A., and Farrington, D. (2018). The efficacy of the Tabby improved prevention and intervention program in reducing cyberbullying and cybervictimization among students. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 15.

Cross, 2016, Longitudinal impact of the Cyber Friendly Schools program on adolescents’ cyberbullying behavior, Aggress. Behav., 42, 166, 10.1002/ab.21609

Chaux, 2016, Effects of the cyberbullying prevention program media heroes (Medienhelden) on traditional bullying, Aggress. Behav., 42, 157, 10.1002/ab.21637

Garaigordobil, 2014, Effect of Cyberprogram 2.0 on reducing victimization and improving social competence in adolescence, J. Psychodidactics, 19, 289, 10.1387/RevPsicodidact.10239

Bronfenbrenner, U. (1981). The Ecology of Human Development: Experiments by Nature and Design, Harvard University.

Rappaport, J., and Seidman, E. (2000). Empowerment Theory. Handbook of Community Psychology, Springer US.

Hellison, D. (1995). Teaching Responsibility through Physical Activity, Human Kinetics.

2019, Longitudinal and reciprocal relationships between sexting, online sexual solicitations, and cyberbullying among minors, Comput. Hum. Behav., 94, 70, 10.1016/j.chb.2019.01.004

Mynard, 2000, Development of the multidimensional peer-victimization scale, Aggress. Behav., 26, 169, 10.1002/(SICI)1098-2337(2000)26:2<169::AID-AB3>3.0.CO;2-A

Cava, 2018, Propiedades psicométricas de la escala de victimización escolar entre iguales (VE-I), Rev. Evaluar, 18, 40

Torregosa, 2011, Evaluación de la conducta violenta en la adolescencia: Revisión de cuestionarios, inventarios, y escalas en población española, Aula Abierta, 39, 37

Little, 2003, Disentangling the “whys” from the “whats” of aggressive behaviour, Int. J. Behav. Dev., 27, 122, 10.1080/01650250244000128

Buelga, S., Ortega-Baron, J., and Torralba, E. (2016, January 20–22). Psychometric propierties of revised scales of cyberbullying (CybVic_R, CybAG_R). Proceedings of the II Congreso Internacional de la Sociedad Científica Española de Psicología Social, Elche, Spain.

Grimm, L.G., and Yarnold, P.R. (2000). The anova to mixed model transition. Reading and Understanding MORE Multivariate Statistics, Elsevier Ltd.

Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. [2nd ed.].

Olsson, G., Brolin, S., and Bitte, M. (2017). School collective efficacy and bullying behaviour: A multilevel study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 14.

Wachs, S., Bilz, L., Fischer, S., Schubarth, W., and Wright, M. (2018). Students’ willingness to intervene in bullying: Direct and indirect associations with classroom cohesion and self-efficacy. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 15.

Vandebosch, 2009, Cyberbullying among youngsters: Profiles of bullies and victims, New Media Soc., 11, 1349, 10.1177/1461444809341263

Bauman, 2013, Associations among bullying, cyberbullying, and suicide in high school students, J. Adolesc., 36, 341, 10.1016/j.adolescence.2012.12.001

Quintana-Orts, C., and Rey, L. (2018). Traditional bullying, cyberbullying and mental health in early adolescents: Forgiveness as a protective factor of peer victimisation. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 15.

Houndoumadi, 2001, Bullying and bullies in Greek elementary schools: pupils’ attitudes and teachers’/parents’ awareness, Educ. Rev., 53, 19, 10.1080/00131910120033619

Buelga, S., Martínez-Ferrer, B., and Musitu, G. (2015). Family relationships and cyberbullying. Cyberbullying across the Globe: Gender, Family and mental Health, Springer International Publishing.

Doane, 2016, Reducing cyberbullying: A theory of reasoned action-based video prevention program for college students, Aggress. Behav., 42, 136, 10.1002/ab.21610

Barlett, 2017, Predicting cyberbullying perpetration in emerging adults: A theoretical test of the Barlett Gentile Cyberbullying Model, Aggress. Behav., 43, 147, 10.1002/ab.21670

Roberto, 2014, Outcome evaluation results of school-based cybersafety promotion and cyberbullying prevention intervention for middle school students, Health Commun., 29, 1029, 10.1080/10410236.2013.831684

Pieschl, 2017, Challenges in the evaluation of cyberbullying prevention insights from two case studies, Int. J. Dev. Sci., 11, 45, 10.3233/DEV-160209

Jenaro, 2013, Student’s experiences with traditional bullying and cyberbullying: Findings from a romanian sample, Procedia—Soc. Behav. Sci., 78, 586, 10.1016/j.sbspro.2013.04.356

Cassidy, 2009, Sticks and stones can break my bones, but how can pixels hurt me?: students’ experiences with cyber-bullying, Sch. Psychol. Int., 30, 383, 10.1177/0143034309106948

Mishna, 2011, Interventions to prevent and reduce cyber abuse of youth: A systematic review, Res. Soc. Work Pract., 21, 5, 10.1177/1049731509351988

Polanin, 2012, A meta-analysis of school-based bullying prevention programs’ effects on bystander intervention behavior, Sch. Psychol. Rev., 41, 47, 10.1080/02796015.2012.12087375

Kubiszewski, 2015, Does cyberbullying overlap with school bullying when taking modality of involvement into account?, Comput. Hum. Behav., 43, 49, 10.1016/j.chb.2014.10.049

Huck, S.W. (2000). Reading Statistics and Research, Pearson.

Portney, L., and Watkins, M.P. (2009). Foundations of clinical research : Applications to practice. Foundations of Clinical Research: Applications to Practice, Prentice Hall.

Flisher, 2004, Brief report: Test-retest reliability of self-reported adolescent risk behaviour, J. Adolesc., 27, 207, 10.1016/j.adolescence.2001.10.001

Ansel, 2015, An analysis of four self-report measures of adolescent callous-unemotional traits: Exploring unique prediction of delinquency, aggression, and conduct problems, J. Psychopathol. Behav. Assess., 37, 207, 10.1007/s10862-014-9460-z