Effects of β-Alanine Supplementation on Carnosine Elevation and Physiological Performance

Abe, 2000, Role of histidine-related compounds as intracellular proton buffering constituents in vertebrate muscle, Biochemistry (Mosc), 65, 757 Aungst, 2014, Repeated mild traumatic brain injury causes chronic neuroinflammation, changes in hippocampal synaptic plasticity, and associated cognitive deficits, Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism, 34, 1223, 10.1038/jcbfm.2014.75 Aydin, 2010, The effect of carnosine treatment on prooxidant-antioxidant balance in liver, heart and brain tissues of male aged rats, Biogerontology, 11, 103, 10.1007/s10522-009-9232-4 Baguet, 2010, Important role of muscle carnosine in rowing performance, Journal of Applied Physiology, 109, 1096, 10.1152/japplphysiol.00141.2010 Baguet, 2009, Carnosine loading and washout in human skeletal muscles, Journal of Applied Physiology, 106, 837, 10.1152/japplphysiol.91357.2008 Bauer, 1994, Biosynthesis of carnosine and related peptides by skeletal muscles cells in primary culture, European Journal of Biochemistry., 15, 43, 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1994.tb19912.x Bex, 2014, Muscle carnosine loading by beta-alanine supplementation is more pronounced in trained vs. untrained muscles, Journal of Applied Physiology, 116, 204, 10.1152/japplphysiol.01033.2013 Blancquaert, 2015, Beta-alanine supplementation, muscle carnosine and exercise performance, Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care, 18, 63, 10.1097/MCO.0000000000000127 Boldyrev, 2013, Physiology and pathophysiology of carnosine, Physiological Reviews, 93, 1803, 10.1152/physrev.00039.2012 Boldyrev, 2004, Protection of neuronal cells against reactive oxygen species by carnosine and related compounds, Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part B: Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, 137, 81, 10.1016/j.cbpc.2003.10.008 Boldyrev, 2010, Carnosine as a natural antioxidant and geroprotector: From molecular mechanisms to clinical trials, Rejuvenation Research, 13, 156, 10.1089/rej.2009.0923 Church, 2017, Comparison of two β-alanine dosing protocols on muscle carnosine elevations, Journal of American College of Nutrition, 36, 608, 10.1080/07315724.2017.1335250 Cohen, 2012, Animal model for PTSD: From clinical concept to translational research, Neuropharmacology, 62, 715, 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2011.04.023 Cohen, 2004, An animal model of posttraumatic stress disorder: The use of cut-off behavioral criteria, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1032, 167, 10.1196/annals.1314.014 Decker, 2000, A re-evaluation of the antioxidant activity of purified carnosine, Biochemistry, 65, 766 Décombaz, 2012, Effect of slow-release β-alanine tablets on absorption kinetics and paresthesia, Amino Acids, 43, 67, 10.1007/s00726-011-1169-7 del Favero, 2012, Beta-alanine (CarnosynTM) supplementation in elderly subjects (60–80 years): Effects on muscle carnosine content and physical capacity, Amino Acids, 43, 49, 10.1007/s00726-011-1190-x Derave, 2007, β-Alanine supplementation augments muscle carnosine content and attenuates fatigue during repeated isokinetic contraction bouts in trained sprinters, Journal of Applied Physiology, 103, 1736, 10.1152/japplphysiol.00397.2007 Ducker, 2013, Effect of beta-alanine supplementation on 2000m rowing ergometer performance, International Journal of Sports Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism, 23, 336, 10.1123/ijsnem.23.4.336 Everaert, 2011, Vegetarianism, female gender and increasing age, but not CNDP1 genotype, are associated with reduced muscle carnosine levels in humans, Amino Acids, 40, 1221, 10.1007/s00726-010-0749-2 Harris, 1998, Carnosine and taurine contents in individual fibers of human vastus lateralis muscle, Journal of Sports Science, 16, 639, 10.1080/026404198366443 Harris, 2007, The carnosine content of V Lateralis in vegetarians and omnivores, FASEB Journal, 21, 20, 10.1096/fasebj.21.6.A944-a Harris, 2009, Changes in muscle carnosine of subjects with 4 weeks supplementation with a controlled release formulation of beta-alanine (CarnosynTM), and for 6 weeks post, FASEB Journal, 23, 599.4, 10.1096/fasebj.23.1_supplement.599.4 Harris, 2008, The plasma concentration-time profile of beta-alanine using a controlled-release formulation (Carnosyn) (abstract), FASEB Journal, 22, 9 Harris, 1990, Muscle buffering capacity and dipeptide content in the thoroughbred horse, greyhound dog and man, Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology. Part A, Physiology, 97, 249, 10.1016/0300-9629(90)90180-Z Harris, 2013, Effect of β-alanine supplementation on high-intensity exercise performance, Nestle Nutrition Institute Workshop Series, 76, 61, 10.1159/000350258 Harris, 2006, The absorption of orally supplied β-alanine and its effect on muscle carnosine synthesis in human vastus lateralis, Amino Acids, 30, 279, 10.1007/s00726-006-0299-9 Hayman, 1942, Two minute clinical test for measurement of intellectual impairment in psychiatric disorders, Archives of Neurology and Psychiatry, 47, 454, 10.1001/archneurpsyc.1942.02290030112010 Hill, 2007, Influence of β-alanine supplementation on skeletal muscle carnosine concentrations and high intensity cycling capacity, Amino Acids, 32, 225, 10.1007/s00726-006-0364-4 Hipkiss, 1998, Protective effects of carnosine against protein modification mediated by malondialdehyde and hypochlorite, Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)-General Subjects, 1380, 46, 10.1016/S0304-4165(97)00123-2 Hobson, 2013, Effect of β-alanine, with & without sodium bicarbonate, on 2000m rowing performance, International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism, 23, 480, 10.1123/ijsnem.23.5.480 Hobson, 2012, Effects of β-alanine supplementation on exercise performance: A meta-analysis, Amino Acids, 43, 25, 10.1007/s00726-011-1200-z Hoffman, 2014, β-Alanine supplementation improves tactical performance but not cognitive function in elite special operation soldiers, Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, 11, 15, 10.1186/1550-2783-11-15 Hoffman, 2015, β-Alanine ingestion increases muscle carnosine content and combat specific performance in soldiers, Amino Acids, 47, 627, 10.1007/s00726-014-1896-7 Hoffman, 2015, β-Alanine supplemented diets enhance behavioral resilience to stress exposure in an animal model of PTSD, Amino Acids, 47, 1247, 10.1007/s00726-015-1952-y Hoffman, 2008, Short-duration β-alanine supplementation increases training volume and reduces subjective feelings of fatigue in college football players, Nutrition Research, 28, 31, 10.1016/j.nutres.2007.11.004 Hoffman, 2006, Effect of creatine and ß-alanine supplementation on performance and endocrine responses in strength/power athletes, International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism, 16, 430, 10.1123/ijsnem.16.4.430 Hoffman, 2008, β-Alanine and the hormonal response to exercise, International Journal of Sports Medicine, 29, 952, 10.1055/s-2008-1038678 Hoffman, 2015, β-Alanine supplementation and military performance, Amino Acids, 47, 2463, 10.1007/s00726-015-2051-9 Hoffman, 2017, Behavioral and inflammatory response in animals exposed to a low-pressure blast wave and supplemented with β-alanine, Amino Acids, 49, 871, 10.1007/s00726-017-2383-8 Jordan, 2010, Effect of beta-alanine supplementation on the onset of blood lactate accumulation (OBLA) during treadmill running: Pre/post 2 treatment experimental design, Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, 7, 20, 10.1186/1550-2783-7-20 Kendrick, 2008, The effects of 10 weeks of resistance training combined with beta-alanine supplementation on whole body strength, force production, muscular endurance and body composition, Amino Acids, 34, 547, 10.1007/s00726-007-0008-3 Kendrick, 2009, The effect of 4 weeks beta-alanine supplementation and isokinetic training on carnosine concentrations in type I and II human skeletal muscle fibres, European Journal of Applied Physiology, 106, 131, 10.1007/s00421-009-0998-5 Kim, 2011, Effects of alpha-lipoic acid and L-carnosine supplementation on antioxidant activities and lipid profiles in rats, Nutrition Research and Practice, 5, 421, 10.4162/nrp.2011.5.5.421 Kohen, 1988, Antioxidant activity of carnosine, homocarnosine, and anserine present in muscle and brain, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 85, 3175, 10.1073/pnas.85.9.3175 Liu, 2012, Mechanisms of itch evoked by β-alanine, Journal of Neuroscience., 32, 14532, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3509-12.2012 MacPhee, 2013, An evaluation of interindividual responses to the orally administered neurotransmitter β-alanine, Journal of Amino Acids, 2013, 429847, 10.1155/2013/429847 Mannion, 1994, Effects of isokinetic training of the knee extensors on high-intensity exercise performance and skeletal muscle buffering, European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology, 68, 356, 10.1007/BF00571457 Maughan, 2011, Dietary supplements for athletes: Emerging trends and recurring themes, Journal of Sports Science, 29, S57, 10.1080/02640414.2011.587446 McCormack, 2013, Oral nutritional supplement fortified with beta-alanine improves physical working capacity in older adults: A randomized, placebo-controlled study, Experimental Gerontology, 48, 933, 10.1016/j.exger.2013.06.003 Murakami, 2010, The impact of taurine-and beta-alanine-supplemented diets on behavioral and neurochemical parameters in mice: Antidepressant versus anxiolytic-like effects, Amino Acids, 39, 427, 10.1007/s00726-009-0458-x Nibbeling, 2014, The effects of anxiety and exercise-induced fatigue on shooting accuracy and cognitive performance in infantry soldiers, Ergonomics, 57, 1366, 10.1080/00140139.2014.924572 Packer, 1997, Oxidants, antioxidant nutrients and the athlete, Journal of Sports Sciences, 15, 353, 10.1080/026404197367362 Parkhouse, 1985, Buffering capacity of deproteinized human vastus lateralis muscle, Journal of Applied Physiology, 58, 14, 10.1152/jappl.1985.58.1.14 Saunders, 2017, Twenty-four weeks of β-alanine supplementation on carnosine content, related genes, and exercise, Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 49, 896, 10.1249/MSS.0000000000001173 Saunders, 2017, β-Alanine supplementation to improve exercise capacity and performance: A systematic review and meta-analysis, British Journal of Sports Medicine, 51, 658, 10.1136/bjsports-2016-096396 Smith, 2012, Exercise-induced oxidative stress: The effects of β-alanine supplementation in women, Amino Acids, 43, 77, 10.1007/s00726-011-1158-x Smith, 2009, Effects of beta-alanine supplementation and high intensity interval training on endurance performance and body composition in men; a double-blind trail, Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, 11, 5, 10.1186/1550-2783-6-5 Smith-Ryan, 2014, The influence of β-alanine supplementation on markers of exercise-induced oxidative stress, Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism, 39, 101, 10.1139/apnm-2013-0229 Stellingwerff, 2012, Effect of two β-alanine dosing protocols on muscle carnosine synthesis and washout, Amino Acids, 42, 2461, 10.1007/s00726-011-1054-4 Stellingwerff, 2012, Optimizing human in vivo dosing and delivery of β-alanine supplements for muscle carnosine synthesis, Amino Acids, 43, 57, 10.1007/s00726-012-1245-7 Stout, 2006, Effects of twenty-eight days of beta-alanine and creatine monohydrate supplementation on the physical working capacity at neuromuscular fatigue threshold, The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 20, 928 Stout, 2007, Effects of β-alanine supplementation on the onset of neuromuscular fatigue and ventilatory threshold in women, Amino Acids, 32, 381, 10.1007/s00726-006-0474-z Suzuki, 2004, The effect of sprint training on skeletal muscle carnosine in humans, International Journal of Sport and Health Science, 2, 105, 10.5432/ijshs.2.105 Swietach, 2014, Pumping Ca2+ up H+ gradients: A Ca2+-H+ exchanger without a membrane, The Journal of Physiology, 592, 3179, 10.1113/jphysiol.2013.265959 Swietach, 2013, Coupled Ca2+/H+ transport by cytoplasmic buffers regulates local Ca2+ and H+ ion signaling, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 110, E2064, 10.1073/pnas.1222433110 Trexler, 2015, International society of sports nutrition position stand: Beta-alanine, Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, 12, 30, 10.1186/s12970-015-0090-y Trombley, 2000, Interactions between carnosine and zinc and copper: Implications for neuromodulation and neuroprotection, Biochemistry (Mosc), 65, 807 Van Thienen, 2009, Beta-alanine improves sprint performance in endurance cycling, Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 41, 898, 10.1249/MSS.0b013e31818db708 Walter, 2010, Six weeks of high-intensity interval training with and without beta-alanine supplementation for improving cardiovascular fitness in women, Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 24, 1199, 10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181d82f8b Wilson, 2013, Inflammation and oxidative stress are elevated in the brain, blood, and adrenal glands during the progression of post-traumatic stress disorder in a predator exposure animal model, PLoS One, 8, 10.1371/journal.pone.0076146 Zuckerman, 2017, Controlled low-pressure blast-wave exposure causes distinct behavioral and morphological responses modeling mTBI, PTSD and co-morbid mTBI-PTSD, Journal of Neurotrauma, 34, 145, 10.1089/neu.2015.4310