Effectiveness of private tutoring during secondary schooling in Germany: Do the duration of private tutoring and tutor qualification affect school achievement?

Adams, 2005, Reliability as a measurement design effect, Studies In Educational Evaluation, 31, 162, 10.1016/j.stueduc.2005.05.008 Berberoğlu, 2014, Does private tutoring increase students' academic performance? Evidence from Turkey, International Review of Education, 60, 683, 10.1007/s11159-014-9436-y Boonen, 2014, Does it matter who your schoolmates are? An investigation of the association between school composition, school processes and mathematics achievement in the early years of primary education, British Educational Research Journal, 40, 441, 10.1002/berj.3090 2009 Bos, 2009 2010 Bray, 2009 Bray, 2011 Bray, 2013, Shadow Education: Comparative perspectives on the expansion and implications of private supplementary tutoring, Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 77, 412, 10.1016/j.sbspro.2013.03.096 Bray, 2014, The impact of shadow education on student academic achievement: Why the research is inconclusive and what can be done about it, Asia Pacific Education Review, 15, 381, 10.1007/s12564-014-9326-9 Byun, 2018, Global patterns of the use of shadow education: Student, family, and national influences, Research in the Sociology of Education, 20, 71, 10.1108/S1479-353920180000020004 Carroll, 1963, A model of school learning, Teachers College Record, 64, 723, 10.1177/016146816306400801 Chappell, 2011, A meta-analysis of supplemental educational services (SES) provider effects on student Achievement, Journal of Education for Students Placed at Risk, 16, 1, 10.1080/10824669.2011.554140 Choi, 2016, Shadow education and educational inequality in South Korea: Examining effect heterogeneity of shadow education on middle school seniors’ achievement test scores, Research in Social Stratification and Mobility, 44, 22, 10.1016/j.rssm.2016.01.002 Croissant, 2008, Panel data econometrics in R: The plm package, Journal of Statistical Software, 27, 10.18637/jss.v027.i02 Feddermann, 2019 Ganzeboom, 1992, A standard international socio-economic index of occupational status, Social Science Research, 21, 1, 10.1016/0049-089X(92)90017-B Gardiner, 2009, Fixed effects, random effects and GEE: What are the differences?, Statistics in Medicine, 28, 221, 10.1002/sim.3478 Guill, 2012 Guill, 2020, Qualität der Hausaufgabenunterstützung in Elternhaus und Nachhilfeunterricht, Psychologie in Erziehung und Unterricht Guill, 2010, Leistungsvorteile durch Nachhilfeunterricht in Mathematik am Beginn der Sekundarstufe I? – Ergebnisse der Hamburger Schulleistungsstudie KESS, Unterrichtswissenschaft, 38, 117 Guill, 2014, Effectiveness of private tutoring in mathematics with regard to subjective and objective indicators of academic achievement: Evidence from German secondary school sample, Journal for Educational Research Online, 6, 34 Ha, 2017, Can after-school programs and private tutoring help improve students’ achievement? Revisiting the effects in Korean secondary schools, Asia Pacific Education Review, 18, 65, 10.1007/s12564-016-9451-8 Haag, 2001, Hält bezahlter Nachhilfeunterricht, was er verspricht? Eine Evaluationsstudie, Zeitschrift für Padagogische Psychologie, 15, 38, 10.1024//1010-0652.15.1.38 Guill, 2017, Qualität von Nachhilfeunterricht und ihre Korrelate, Zeitschrift für Padagogische Psychologie, 31, 87, 10.1024/1010-0652/a000188 Hausman, 1978, Specification tests in econometrics, Econometrica, 46, 1251, 10.2307/1913827 Heinrich, 2013, The efficacy of private sector providers in improving public educational outcomes, American Educational Research Journal, 50, 856, 10.3102/0002831213486334 Heller, 2000 Helmke, 2001, School achievement: Cognitive and motivational determinants, 13552 Herppich, 2013, Does it make a difference? Investigating the assessment accuracy of teacher tutors and student tutors, The Journal of Experimental Education, 81, 242, 10.1080/00220973.2012.699900 Hille, 2016 Kenny, 2004, Effects of academic coaching on elementary and secondary school students, Journal of Educational Research, 98, 115, 10.3200/JOER.98.2.115 Kunter, 2013 Lambert, 2014, Do we need a special intervention program for children with mathematical learning disabilities or is private tutoring sufficient?, Journal for Educational Research Online, 6, 68 Lehmann, 1999 List, 2018 Liu, 2012, Does cram schooling matter? Who goes to cram schools? Evidence from Taiwan, International Journal of Educational Development, 32, 46, 10.1016/j.ijedudev.2011.01.014 Luplow, 2014, Nutzung und Effektivität privat bezahlter Nachhilfe im Primarbereich, Zeitschrift für Soziologie, 43, 31, 10.1515/zfsoz-2014-0104 Marsh, 1990 Marsh, 2005, Academic self-concept, interest, grades and standardized test scores: Reciprocal effects models of causal ordering, Child Development, 76, 397, 10.1111/j.1467-8624.2005.00853.x Muthén, 1998 2016 Park, 2016, Learning beyond the school walls: Trends and implications, Annual Review of Sociology, 42, 231, 10.1146/annurev-soc-081715-074341 Ramdass, 2011, Developing self-regulation skills: The important role of homework, Journal of Advanced Academics, 22, 194, 10.1177/1932202X1102200202 Robitzsch, 2016 Rubin, 1987 Schiefele, 1996 Silova, 2005, The hidden marketplace: Private tutoring in former socialist countries, 71 Smyth, 2008, The more, the better? Intensity of involvement in private tuition and examination performance, Educational Research and Evaluation, 14, 465, 10.1080/13803610802246395 Streber, 2011, Erfolgreiche Nachhilfe – kann das jeder oder bedarf es besonderer Qualifikationen?, Empirische Pädagogik, 25, 342 2003 Valtin, 2000 van Buuren, 2011, MICE: Multivariate imputation by chained equations in R, Journal of Statistical Software, 45, 1 Yamato, 2017, Changing schooling, changing shadow: Shapes and functions of juku in Japan, Asia Pacific Journal of Education, 37, 329, 10.1080/02188791.2017.1345719 Zhang, 2013, Does private tutoring improve students’ national college entrance exam performance? A case study from Jinan, China, Economics of Education Review, 32, 1, 10.1016/j.econedurev.2012.09.008