Effect of fermentation on structural properties and antioxidant activity of wheat gluten by Bacillus subtilis

Penghui Zhao1, Yinchen Hou1, Zhen Wang2, Aimei Liao1, Long Pan1, Jie Zhang1, Yu-Qi Dong1, Zheyuan Hu1, Jihong Huang1,3,2, Xingqi Ou4
1Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Biological Processing and Nutritional Function of Wheat, College of Biological Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, China
2State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, College of Agriculture, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
3School of Food and Pharmacy, Xuchang University, Xuchang, China
4College of Life Science and Technology, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, China

Tóm tắt

Bacillus subtilis has been extensively studied for its ability to inhibit the growth of harmful microorganisms and its high protease activity. In this study, Bacillus subtilis was used to ferment gluten and assess the effects of the fermentation process on the physicochemical, microstructure and antioxidant properties of gluten. The results of Fourier infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and circular chromatography (CD) showed a significant decrease in the content of α-helix structures and a significant increase in the content of β-sheet structures in gluten after fermentation (p < 0.05). Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) showed that glutenin was degraded into small molecular peptides with a molecular weight of less than 26 kDa after 24 h of fermentation; meanwhile, the fermentation process significantly increased the free amino acid content of the samples (p < 0.05), reaching 1923.38 μg/mL at 120 h of fermentation, which was 39.46 times higher than that at 24 h of fermentation (p < 0.05). In addition, the fermented back gluten has higher free radical scavenging activity and iron reduction capacity. Therefore, fermented gluten may be used as a functional food to alleviate oxidative stress. This study provides a reference for the high-value application of gluten.

Từ khóa


Tài liệu tham khảo

Zhang, 2022, Versatile wheat gluten: functional properties and application in the food-related industry, Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr, 1, 10.1080/10408398.2022.2078785

Leonard, 2021, Fermentation transforms the phenolic profiles and bioactivities of plant-based foods, Biotechnol Adv, 49, 107763, 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2021.107763

Jiang, 2021, Improvement of the nutritional, antioxidant and bioavailability properties of corn gluten-wheat bran mixture fermented with lactic acid bacteria and acid protease, Lwt, 144, 111161, 10.1016/j.lwt.2021.111161

Verni, 2019, Fermentation biotechnology applied to cereal industry by-products: nutritional and functional insights, Front Nutr, 6, 42, 10.3389/fnut.2019.00042

Zhang, 2020, Isolation, heterologous expression, and purification of a novel antifungal protein from Bacillus subtilis strain Z-14, Microb Cell Factories, 19, 214, 10.1186/s12934-020-01475-1

Barale, 2022, Purification and characterization of antibacterial surfactin isoforms produced by Bacillus velezensis SK, AMB Express, 12, 7, 10.1186/s13568-022-01348-3

Man, 2019, Strain screening from traditional fermented soybean foods and induction of nattokinase production in Bacillus subtilis MX-6, Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins, 11, 283, 10.1007/s12602-017-9382-7

Mahto, 2019, Optimization of process parameters for production of pectinase using Bacillus Subtilis MF447840.1, Recent Pat Biotechnol, 13, 69, 10.2174/1872208312666180917094428

Moayedi, 2017, ACE-inhibitory and antioxidant activities of peptide fragments obtained from tomato processing by-products fermented using Bacillus subtilis: effect of amino acid composition and peptides molecular mass distribution, Appl Biochem Biotechnol, 181, 48, 10.1007/s12010-016-2198-1

Zhang, 2014, Isolation and identification of an antioxidant peptide prepared from fermented peanut meal using Bacillus subtilis fermentation, Int J Food Prop, 17, 1237, 10.1080/10942912.2012.675605

Padhi, 2022, Production and characterization of bioactive peptides from rice beans using Bacillus subtilis, Bioresour Technol, 351, 126932, 10.1016/j.biortech.2022.126932

Zhang, 2020, Applications of Bacillus subtilis spores in biotechnology and advanced materials, Appl Environ Microbiol, 86, e01096-20, 10.1128/AEM.01096-20

Mok, 2019, A metabolomic approach to understand the solid-state fermentation of okara using Bacillus subtilis WX-17 for enhanced nutritional profile, AMB Express, 9, 60, 10.1186/s13568-019-0786-5

Chen, 2021, Bacillus subtilis-fermented products ameliorate the growth performance and alter cecal microbiota community in broilers under lipopolysaccharide challenge, Poult Sci, 100, 875, 10.1016/j.psj.2020.10.070

Cai, 2022, Enhancement of norisoprenoid and acetoin production for improving the aroma of fermented mango juice by Bacillus subtilis-HNU-B3, Process Biochem, 113, 177, 10.1016/j.procbio.2022.01.002

Yin, 2021, Combinatorial engineering for efficient production of protein-glutaminase in Bacillus subtilis, Enzym Microb Technol, 150, 109863, 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2021.109863

Li, 2021, Effect of solid-state fermentation with Bacillus subtilis lwo on the proteolysis and the antioxidative properties of chickpeas, Int J Food Microbiol, 338, 108988, 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2020.108988

Mok, 2021, Evaluating the potential of Bacillus subtilis fermented okara as a functional food ingredient through in vitro digestion and fermentation, Food Biotechnol, 35, 136, 10.1080/08905436.2021.1909615

Jiang, 2020, Production of bioactive peptides from corn gluten meal by solid-state fermentation with Bacillus subtilis MTCC5480 and evaluation of its antioxidant capacity in vivo, Lwt, 131, 109767, 10.1016/j.lwt.2020.109767

Zhao, 2021, Potential anti-aging effects of fermented wheat germ in aging mice, Food Biosci, 42, 101182, 10.1016/j.fbio.2021.101182

Chen, 2021, Co-microbiological regulation of phenolic release through solid-state fermentation of corn kernels (Zea mays L.) to improve their antioxidant activity, Lwt, 142, 111003, 10.1016/j.lwt.2021.111003

Liao, 2022, Structural, physicochemical, and functional properties of wheat bran insoluble dietary fiber modified with probiotic fermentation, Front Nutr, 9, 803440, 10.3389/fnut.2022.803440

Liao, 2022, Preparation and identification of an antioxidant peptide from wheat embryo albumin and characterization of its maillard reaction products, J Food Sci, 87, 2549, 10.1111/1750-3841.16191

Lee, 2018, Effects of fermentation on SDS-PAGE patterns, total peptide, isoflavone contents and antioxidant activity of freeze-thawed tofu fermented with Bacillus subtilis, Food Chem, 249, 60, 10.1016/j.foodchem.2017.12.045

He, 2013, Antioxidant activities of fermented soybean prepared with Bacillus subtilis, Asian J Chem, 25, 10565, 10.14233/ajchem.2013.15988

Ma, 2022, Effect of synergistic fermentation of Lactobacillus plantarum and Saccharomyces cerevisiae on thermal properties of wheat bran dietary fiber-wheat starch system, Food Chem, 373, 131417, 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.131417

Chen, 2022, Effects of enzymolysis and fermentation on the antioxidant activity and functional components of a coarse cereal compound powder based on principal component analysis and microstructure study, J Food Sci, 87, 3573, 10.1111/1750-3841.16217

Li, 2016, Characterization of physicochemical properties of fermented soybean curd residue by Morchella esculenta, Int Biodeterior Biodegradation, 109, 113, 10.1016/j.ibiod.2016.01.020

Wang, 2021, Structural and compositional changes of whey protein and blueberry juice fermented using Lactobacillus plantarum or Lactobacillus casei during fermentation, RSC Adv, 11, 26291, 10.1039/d1ra04140a

Li, 2022, Structural characterization, rheological properties and protection of oxidative damage of an exopolysaccharide from Leuconostoc citreum 1.2461 fermented in soybean whey, Foods, 11, 2283, 10.3390/foods11152283

Han, 2020, Progressive study of the effect of superfine green tea, soluble tea, and tea polyphenols on the physico-chemical and structural properties of wheat gluten in noodle system, Food Chem, 308, 125676, 10.1016/j.foodchem.2019.125676

Duarte, 2019, FTIR and dispersive gas phase absolute infrared intensities of hydrocarbon fundamental bands, Can J Anim Sci, 214, 1, 10.1016/j.saa.2019.01.072

Tkacz, 2022, Phytoprostanes, phytofurans, tocopherols, tocotrienols, carotenoids and free amino acids and biological potential of sea buckthorn juices, J Sci Food Agric, 102, 185, 10.1002/jsfa.11345

Saint Jean, 2018, Effects of hydrophobic amino acid substitutions on antimicrobial peptide behavior, Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins, 10, 408, 10.1007/s12602-017-9345-z

Mazloomi-Kiyapey, 2019, Production of antioxidant peptides through hydrolysis of medicinal pumpkin seed protein using pepsin enzyme and the evaluation of their functional and nutritional properties, ARYA Atheroscler, 15, 218, 10.22122/arya.v15i5.1755

Zheng, 2020, Effects of partial hydrolysis on the structural, functional and antioxidant properties of oat protein isolate, Food Funct, 11, 3144, 10.1039/c9fo01783f

Neinast, 2019, Branched chain amino acids, Annu Rev Physiol, 81, 139, 10.1146/annurev-physiol-020518-114455

D'Antona, 2010, Branched-chain amino acid supplementation promotes survival and supports cardiac and skeletal muscle mitochondrial biogenesis in middle-aged mice, Cell Metab, 12, 362, 10.1016/j.cmet.2010.08.016

Tamai, 2021, Branched-chain amino acids and l-carnitine attenuate lipotoxic hepatocellular damage in rat cirrhotic liver, Biomed Pharmacother, 135, 111181, 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.111181

Wei, 2022, The protective effects of corn oligopeptides on acute alcoholic liver disease by inhibiting the activation of kupffer cells NF-κB/AMPK signal pathway, Nutrients, 14, 4194, 10.3390/nu14194194

Liao, 2022, Association between branched-chain amino acid intake and physical function among Chinese community-dwelling elderly residents, Nutrients, 14, 4367, 10.3390/nu14204367

Korenaga, 2015, Branched-chain amino acids reduce hepatic iron accumulation and oxidative stress in hepatitis C virus polyprotein-expressing mice, Liver Int, 35, 1303, 10.1111/liv.12675

Karvinen, 2022, Branched-chain amino acid deprivation decreases lipid oxidation and lipogenesis in C2C12 myotubes, Meta, 12, 328, 10.3390/metabo12040328

Shafique, 2021, Screening, selection and development of Bacillus subtilis apr-IBL04 for hyper production of macromolecule alkaline protease, Saudi J Biol Sci, 28, 1494, 10.1016/j.sjbs.2020.11.079

Karagiota, 2021, Characterization and quantitative determination of a diverse group of Bacillus subtilis subsp. subtilis NCIB 3610 antibacterial peptides, Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins, 13, 555, 10.1007/s12602-020-09706-y

Mareček, 2017, ABTS and DPPH methods as a tool for studying antioxidant capacity of spring barley and malt, J Cereal Sci, 73, 40, 10.1016/j.jcs.2016.11.004

Richards, 2015, The hydroxyl radical in plants: from seed to seed, J Exp Bot, 66, 37, 10.1093/jxb/eru398

Gum, 2017, The physico-chemical alteration of lovastatin and enhanced antioxidant effect of Bacillus subtilis fermented-red yeast rice product, Food Chem, 232, 203, 10.1016/j.foodchem.2017.04.023

Si, 2021, Interactions between gluten and water-unextractable arabinoxylan during the thermal treatment, Food Chem, 345, 128785, 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.128785