Effect of Temperature on the Structural and Physicochemical Properties of Biochar with Apple Tree Branches as Feedstock Material
Tóm tắt
The objective of this study was to study the structure and physicochemical properties of biochar derived from apple tree branches (ATBs), whose valorization is crucial for the sustainable development of the apple industry. ATBs were collected from apple orchards located on the Weibei upland of the Loess Plateau and pyrolyzed at 300, 400, 500 and 600 °C (BC300, BC400, BC500 and BC600), respectively. Different analytical techniques were used for the characterization of the different biochars. In particular, proximate and element analyses were performed. Furthermore, the morphological, and textural properties were investigated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, Boehm titration and nitrogen manometry. In addition, the thermal stability of biochars was also studied by thermogravimetric analysis. The results indicated that the increasing temperature increased the content of fixed carbon (C), the C content and inorganic minerals (K, P, Fe, Zn, Ca, Mg), while the yield, the content of volatile matter (VM), O and H, cation exchange capacity, and the ratios of O/C and H/C decreased. Comparison between the different samples show that highest pH and ash content were observed in BC500. The number of acidic functional groups decreased as a function of pyrolysis temperature, especially for the carboxylic functional groups. In contrast, a reverse trend was found for the basic functional groups. At a higher temperature, the brunauer–emmett–teller (BET) surface area and pore volume are higher mostly due to the increase of the micropore surface area and micropore volume. In addition, the thermal stability of biochars also increased with the increasing temperature. Hence, pyrolysis temperature has a strong effect on biochar properties, and therefore biochars can be produced by changing pyrolysis temperature in order to better meet their applications.
Từ khóa
Tài liệu tham khảo
Zhao, 2015, Carbon mineralization following additions of fresh and aged biochar to an infertile soil, Catena, 125, 183, 10.1016/j.catena.2014.10.026
Purakayastha, 2016, Effect of pyrolysis temperatures on stability and priming effects of C3 and C4 biochars applied to two different soils, Soil Tillage Res., 155, 107, 10.1016/j.still.2015.07.011
Smith, 2010, The effect of young biochar on soil respiration, Soil Biol. Biochem., 42, 2345, 10.1016/j.soilbio.2010.09.013
Abujabhah, 2016, Effects of biochar and compost amendments on soil physico-chemical properties and the total community within a temperate agricultural soil, Appl. Soil Ecol., 98, 243, 10.1016/j.apsoil.2015.10.021
Partey, 2015, Biochar use in a legume–rice rotation system: Effects on soil fertility and crop performance, Arch. Agron. Soil Sci., 62, 199, 10.1080/03650340.2015.1040399
Zhou, 2016, Sorption of Atrazine, 17α-Estradiol, and Phenanthrene on Wheat Straw and Peanut Shell Biochars, Water Air Soil Pollut., 227, 7, 10.1007/s11270-015-2699-5
Venegas, 2016, Changes in heavy metal extractability from contaminated soils remediated with organic waste or biochar, Geoderma, 279, 132, 10.1016/j.geoderma.2016.06.010
Angin, 2014, Effect of pyrolysis temperature on chemical and surface properties of biochar of rapeseed (Brassica napus L.), Int. J. Phytoremed., 16, 684, 10.1080/15226514.2013.856842
Roberts, 2016, The effects of feedstock pre-treatment and pyrolysis temperature on the production of biochar from the green seaweed Ulva, J. Environ. Manag., 169, 253, 10.1016/j.jenvman.2015.12.023
Yang, X., Wang, H., Strong, P., Xu, S., Liu, S., Lu, K., Sheng, K., Guo, J., Che, L., and He, L. (2017). Thermal Properties of Biochars Derived from Waste Biomass Generated by Agricultural and Forestry Sectors. Energies, 10.
Jouiad, 2015, Characteristics of slow pyrolysis biochars produced from rhodes grass and fronds of edible date palm, J. Anal. Appl. Pyrolysis, 111, 183, 10.1016/j.jaap.2014.10.024
Zhang, 2015, Effects of pyrolysis temperature and heating time on biochar obtained from the pyrolysis of straw and lignosulfonate, Bioresour. Technol., 176, 288, 10.1016/j.biortech.2014.11.011
Claoston, 2014, Effects of pyrolysis temperature on the physicochemical properties of empty fruit bunch and rice husk biochars, Waste Manag. Res., 32, 331, 10.1177/0734242X14525822
Bouraoui, 2015, Thermogravimetric study on the influence of structural, textural and chemical properties of biomass chars on CO2 gasification reactivity, Energy, 88, 703, 10.1016/j.energy.2015.05.100
Suliman, 2016, Influence of feedstock source and pyrolysis temperature on biochar bulk and surface properties, Biomass Bioenergy, 84, 37, 10.1016/j.biombioe.2015.11.010
Xu, 2013, Investigation of thermodynamic parameters in the pyrolysis conversion of biomass and manure to biochars using thermogravimetric analysis, Bioresour. Technol., 146, 485, 10.1016/j.biortech.2013.07.086
Guizani, C., Jeguirim, M., Valin, S., Limousy, L., and Salvador, S. (2017). Biomass Chars: The Effects of Pyrolysis Conditions on Their Morphology, Structure, Chemical Properties and Reactivity. Energies, 10.
Shaaban, 2014, Influence of heating temperature and holding time on biochars derived from rubber wood sawdust via slow pyrolysis, J. Anal. Appl. Pyrolysis, 107, 31, 10.1016/j.jaap.2014.01.021
Liang, 2016, Biochar from pruning residues as a soil amendment: Effects of pyrolysis temperature and particle size, Soil Tillage Res., 164, 3, 10.1016/j.still.2015.10.002
Tag, 2016, Effects of feedstock type and pyrolysis temperature on potential applications of biochar, J. Anal. Appl. Pyrolysis, 120, 200, 10.1016/j.jaap.2016.05.006
Sun, 2014, Effects of feedstock type, production method, and pyrolysis temperature on biochar and hydrochar properties, Chem. Eng. J., 240, 574, 10.1016/j.cej.2013.10.081
Brassard, P., Godbout, S., Raghavan, V., Palacios, J.H., Grenier, M., and Dan, Z. (2017). The Production of Engineered Biochars in a Vertical Auger Pyrolysis Reactor for Carbon Sequestration. Energies, 10.
Colantoni, A., Zambon, I., Colosimo, F., Monarca, D., Cecchini, M., Gallucci, F., Proto, A.R., and Lord, R. (2016). An Innovative Agro-Forestry Supply Chain for Residual Biomass: Physicochemical Characterisation of Biochar from Olive and Hazelnut Pellets. Energies, 9.
Fang, 2016, Comparative analysis on spatial variability of soil moisture under different land use types in orchard, Sci. Hortic., 207, 65, 10.1016/j.scienta.2016.05.017
Bai, 2015, Wood biochar increases nitrogen retention in field settings mainly through abiotic processes, Soil Biol. Biochem., 90, 232, 10.1016/j.soilbio.2015.08.007
Eyles, 2015, Impact of biochar amendment on the growth, physiology and fruit of a young commercial apple orchard, Trees, 29, 1817, 10.1007/s00468-015-1263-7
ASTM International (2009). D5142, Standard Test Methods for Proximate Analysis of the Analysis Sample of Coal and Coke by Instrumental Procedures. American Society for Testing and Materials, ASTM International.
Yuan, 2011, The forms of alkalis in the biochar produced from crop residues at different temperatures, Bioresour. Technol., 102, 3488, 10.1016/j.biortech.2010.11.018
Cantrell, 2012, Impact of pyrolysis temperature and manure source on physicochemical characteristics of biochar, Bioresour. Technol., 107, 419, 10.1016/j.biortech.2011.11.084
Chen, 2012, Biomass-based pyrolytic polygeneration system on cotton stalk pyrolysis: Influence of temperature, Bioresour. Technol., 107, 411, 10.1016/j.biortech.2011.10.074
Boehm, 1994, Some aspects of the surface chemistry of carbon blacks and other carbons, Carbon, 32, 759, 10.1016/0008-6223(94)90031-0
Intani, 2016, Effect of self-purging pyrolysis on yield of biochar from maize cobs, husks and leaves, Bioresour. Technol., 218, 541, 10.1016/j.biortech.2016.06.114
Ronsse, 2013, Production and characterization of slow pyrolysis biochar: Influence of feedstock type and pyrolysis conditions, Glob. Chang. Biol. Bioenergy, 5, 104, 10.1111/gcbb.12018
Zornoza, 2016, Stability, nutrient availability and hydrophobicity of biochars derived from manure, crop residues, and municipal solid waste for their use as soil amendments, Chemosphere, 144, 122, 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.08.046
Chen, 2014, Influence of pyrolysis temperature on characteristics and heavy metal adsorptive performance of biochar derived from municipal sewage sludge, Bioresour. Technol., 164, 47, 10.1016/j.biortech.2014.04.048
Wang, 2015, Characteristics of maize biochar with different pyrolysis temperatures and its effects on organic carbon, nitrogen and enzymatic activities after addition to fluvo-aquic soil, Sci. Total Environ., 538, 137, 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.08.026
Usman, 2015, Biochar production from date palm waste: Charring temperature induced changes in composition and surface chemistry, J. Anal. Appl. Pyrolysis, 115, 392, 10.1016/j.jaap.2015.08.016
Zhang, 2014, Humification characterization of biochar and its potential as a composting amendment, J. Environ. Sci., 26, 390, 10.1016/S1001-0742(13)60421-0
Li, X., Shen, Q., Zhang, D., Mei, X., Ran, W., Xu, Y., and Yu, G. (2013). Functional Groups Determine Biochar Properties (pH and EC) as Studied by Two-Dimensional 13C NMR Correlation Spectroscopy. PLoS ONE, 8.
Tan, 2015, Application of biochar for the removal of pollutants from aqueous solutions, Chemosphere, 125, 70, 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.12.058
Keiluweit, 2010, Dynamic molecular structure of plant biomass-derived black carbon (biochar), Environ. Sci. Technol., 44, 1247, 10.1021/es9031419
Chen, 2011, Adsorption of copper and zinc by biochars produced from pyrolysis of hardwood and corn straw in aqueous solution, Bioresour. Technol., 102, 8877, 10.1016/j.biortech.2011.06.078
Pituello, 2015, Characterization of chemical–physical, structural and morphological properties of biochars from biowastes produced at different temperatures, J. Soils Sediments, 15, 792, 10.1007/s11368-014-0964-7
Phuong, 2015, Characterization of Biochar from Pyrolysis of Rice Husk and Rice Straw, J. Biobased Mater. Bioenergy, 9, 439, 10.1166/jbmb.2015.1539
Sharma, 2004, Characterization of chars from pyrolysis of lignin, Fuel, 83, 1469, 10.1016/j.fuel.2003.11.015
Kim, 2013, Characterization of cadmium removal from aqueous solution by biochar produced from a giant Miscanthus at different pyrolytic temperatures, Bioresour. Technol., 138, 266, 10.1016/j.biortech.2013.03.186
Li, 2013, Cu(II) removal from aqueous solution by Spartina alterniflora derived biochar, Bioresour. Technol., 141, 83, 10.1016/j.biortech.2012.12.096
Jeong, 2016, Fundamental and molecular composition characteristics of biochars produced from sugarcane and rice crop residues and by-products, Chemosphere, 142, 4, 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.05.084
Vamvuka, 2011, Effects of heating rate and water leaching of perennial energy crops on pyrolysis characteristics and kinetics, Renew. Energy, 36, 2433, 10.1016/j.renene.2011.02.013
Zhou, 2016, Investigation of the adsorption-reduction mechanisms of hexavalent chromium by ramie biochars of different pyrolytic temperatures, Bioresour. Technol., 218, 351, 10.1016/j.biortech.2016.06.102
Ahmad, 2012, Effects of pyrolysis temperature on soybean stover- and peanut shell-derived biochar properties and TCE adsorption in water, Bioresour. Technol., 118, 536, 10.1016/j.biortech.2012.05.042
Uchimiya, 2011, Influence of pyrolysis temperature on biochar property and function as a heavy metal sorbent in soil, J. Agric. Food Chem., 59, 2501, 10.1021/jf104206c
Das, 2009, Chemical composition of acid–base fractions separated from biooil derived by fast pyrolysis of chicken manure, Bioresour. Technol., 100, 6524, 10.1016/j.biortech.2009.06.104
Souza, 2009, TG-FTIR coupling to monitor the pyrolysis products from agricultural residues, J. Therm. Anal. Calorim., 97, 637, 10.1007/s10973-009-0367-y
Kazi, 2011, Separation and identification of heterocyclic nitrogen compounds in biooil derived by fast pyrolysis of chicken manure, J. Environ. Sci. Health Part B Pestic. Food Contam. Agric. Wastes, 46, 51, 10.1080/03601234.2010.515506
Mukherjee, 2011, Surface chemistry variations among a series of laboratory-produced biochars, Geoderma, 163, 247, 10.1016/j.geoderma.2011.04.021
Doydora, 2011, Release of Nitrogen and Phosphorus from Poultry Litter Amended with Acidified Biochar, Int. J. Environ. Res. Publ. Health, 8, 1491, 10.3390/ijerph8051491
Santos, 2015, Characterization of biochar of pine pellet, J. Therm. Anal. Calorim., 122, 21, 10.1007/s10973-015-4740-8
Wu, 2016, Release of soluble elements from biochars derived from various biomass feedstocks, Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res., 23, 1905, 10.1007/s11356-015-5451-1
Bruun, 2011, Influence of fast pyrolysis temperature on biochar labile fraction and short-term carbon loss in a loamy soil, Biomass Bioenergy, 35, 1182, 10.1016/j.biombioe.2010.12.008