Ecological wisdom, a social–ecological approach to environmental planning with an emphasis on water resources: the case of Qanat Hydraulic Structure (QHS) in a desert city of Iran

Springer Science and Business Media LLC - Tập 23 - Trang 10490-10511 - 2020
Mahjabin Radaei1, Esmaeil Salehi1, Shahrzad Faryadi1, Mohammad R. Masnavi1, Lobat Zebardast1
1School of Environment, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran

Tóm tắt

Improper exploitation of water resources has caused a water crisis and a challenge for water resource management around the world, especially in desert cities with vulnerable landscapes. Ecological wisdom is evident in the ancient desert cities of Iran, based on Qanat Hydraulic Structures (QHS). For long, QHS has been the main water transmission system from long-distance resources to cities in hot-arid regions. This study aimed to explore the ecological wisdom of ancient QHS and to empower it with the current social values, which may be applied as a rational normative approach to create balance between the landscape ecological integrity and development processes. We first investigated scientific databases to extract the principles of ecological wisdom and the theoretical framework. In the next stage, we conducted field studies to extract the social and ecological principles and rules, governing the workable pattern of structure and function of QHS in the desert city of Yazd, Iran, as a case study. Next, the comparative–deductive method was used for comparing the principles of ecological wisdom with the rules governing the corridor networks of QHS. Finally, we compared the compatibility of ecological wisdom principles governing QHS with the criteria and sub-criteria of landscape sustainability in Yazd. The results revealed that ecological wisdom can provide a framework to integrate the traditional knowledge of QHS in scientific ecological knowledge and social system of cities toward sustainable water resource planning and sustainable landscaping.

Tài liệu tham khảo

Achal, V., Mukherjee, A., & Zhang, Q. (2016). Unearthing ecological wisdom from natural habitats and its ramifications on development of biocement and sustainable cities. Landscape and Urban Planning, 155, 61–68.

Barbosa, A. E., Fernandes, J. N., & David, L. M. (2012). Key issues for sustainable urban stormwater management. Water research, 46(20), 6787–6798.

Berkes, F., Folke, C., & Colding, J. (2000). Linking social and ecological systems: management practices and social mechanisms for building resilience. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Chapin, F. S., Power, M. E., Pickett, S. T., Freitag, A., Reynolds, J. A., Jackson, R. B., et al. (2011). Earth Stewardship: Science for action to sustain the human-earth system. Ecosphere, 2(8), 1–20.

Childers, D. L., Pickett, S. T., Grove, J. M., Ogden, L., & Whitmer, A. (2014). Advancing urban sustainability theory and action: Challenges and opportunities. Landscape and Urban Planning, 125, 320–328.

Eidinow, E. (2016). Telling stories: Exploring the relationship between myths and ecological wisdom. Landscape and Urban Planning, 155, 47–52.

Fletcher, T. D., Shuster, W., Hunt, W. F., Ashley, R., Butler, D., Arthur, S., et al. (2015). SUDS, LID, BMPs, WSUD and more—the evolution and application of terminology surrounding urban drainage. Urban Water Journal, 12(7), 525–542.

Forester, J. (2017). Planning in the face of conflict: The surprising possibilities of facilitative leadership. London: Routledge.

Forester, J. (2018). Ecological wisdom through deliberative improvisation: theory and practice in challenging cases. Journal of Urban Management., 8(1), 12–19.

Friedmann J (1998) Planning theory revisited. European Planning Studies, 6(3), 245–253.

Fu, X., Wang, X., Schock, C., & Stuckert, T. (2016). Ecological wisdom as benchmark in planning and design. Landscape and Urban Planning, 155, 79–90.

Gunderson, L. H. (2001). Panarchy: Understanding transformations in human and natural systems. Washington DC: Island press.

Hamidian, A., Ghorbani, M., Abdolshahnejad, M., & Abdolshahnejad, A. (2015). Retracted: Qanat, traditional eco-technology for irrigation and water management. Amsterdam: Elsevier.

Jomehpour, M. (2009). Qanat irrigation systems as important and ingenious agricultural heritage: Case study of the qanats of Kashan Iran. International Journal of Environmental Studies, 66(3), 297–315.

Jones, J. E., Clary, J., Strecker, E., Quigley, M., & Moeller, J. (2012). BMP effectiveness for nutrients, bacteria, solids, metals, and runoff volume (p. 13). The Journal for Surface Water Quality Professionals: Stormwater.

Konikow, L. F., & Kendy, E. (2005). Groundwater depletion: A global problem. Hydrogeology Journal, 13(1), 317–320.

Krasny, M. E., & Tidball, K. G. (2012). Civic ecology: A pathway for earth stewardship in cities. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, 10(5), 267–273.

Li, C. (2012). Ecohydrology and good urban design for urban storm water-logging in Beijing. China. Ecohydrology & Hydrobiology, 12(4), 287–300.

Liao, K.-H., Le, T. A., & Van Nguyen, K. (2016). Urban design principles for flood resilience: Learning from the ecological wisdom of living with floods in the Vietnamese Mekong Delta. Landscape and Urban Planning, 155, 69–78.

McPhearson, T., Pickett, S. T., Grimm, N. B., Niemelä, J., Alberti, M., Elmqvist, T., et al. (2016). Advancing urban ecology toward a science of cities. BioScience, 66(3), 198–212.

Ostrom, E. (2009). A general framework for analyzing sustainability of social-ecological systems. Science, 325(5939), 419–422.

Patten, D. T. (2016). The role of ecological wisdom in managing for sustainable interdependent urban and natural ecosystems. Landscape and Urban Planning, 155, 3–10.

Pickett, S. T. A., McGrath, B., & Cadenasso, M. L. (2013). The ecology of the meta city: Shaping the dynamic, patchy, networked, and adaptive cities of the future. In S. T. A. Pickett, B. McGrath, & M. L. Cadenasso (Eds.), Resilience in ecology and urban design: Linking theory and practice for sustainable cities (pp. 463–489). New York: Springer.

Regional Water Company of Yazd. (2018). Yazd Province underground water report. https://www.yzrw.ir/SC.php?type=static&id=17.

Scheffer, M., Carpenter, S. R., Lenton, T. M., Bascompte, J., Brock, W., Dakos, V., et al. (2012). Anticipating critical transitions. Science, 338(6105), 344–348.

Schwartz, B., & Sharpe, K. (2010). Practical wisdom: The right way to do the right thing. London: Penguin.

Treidel, H., Martin-Bordes, J. L., & Gurdak, J. J. (2011). Climate change effects on groundwater resources: A global synthesis of findings and recommendations. Florida: CRC Press.

USEPA (2000). Low impact development a literature review. EPA-841-B-00–005. Washington, DC: Office of Water (4230)., 20460.

Wagner, M., Merson, J., & Wentz, E. A. (2016). Design with Nature: Key lessons from McHarg’s intrinsic suitability in the wake of Hurricane Sandy. Landscape and Urban Planning, 155, 33–46.

Wang, X., Palazzo, D., & Carper, M. (2016). Ecological wisdom as an emerging field of scholarly inquiry in urban planning and design. Landscape and Urban Planning, 155, 100–107.

Xiang, W.-N. (2014). Doing real and permanent good in landscape and urban planning: Ecological wisdom for urban sustainability. Landscape and Urban Planning., 121, 65–69.

Xiang, W.-N. (2019). Ecophronesis: The ecological practical wisdom for and from ecological practice. In B. Yang, & R. F. Young (Eds.), Ecological Wisdom: Theory and practice (pp. 13–32). Singapore: Springer.

Yang, B., & Li, S. (2016). Design with Nature: Ian McHarg’s ecological wisdom as actionable and practical knowledge. Landscape and Urban Planning, 155, 21–32.

Yazd Province Agricultural Organization (2018). Yazd Province underground water report.

Young, R. F. (2016). Modernity, postmodernity, and ecological wisdom: Toward a new framework for landscape and urban planning. Landscape and Urban Planning, 155, 91–99.

Zanetell, B. A., & Knuth, B. A. (2002). Knowledge partnerships: Rapid rural appraisal’s role in catalyzing community-based management in Venezuela. Society and Natural Resources, 15(9), 805–825.

Zhang, C., & Lu, B. (2016). Residential satisfaction in traditional and redeveloped inner city neighborhood: A tale of two neighborhoods in Beijing. Travel Behaviour and Society, 5, 23–36.

Zheng, S., Han, B., Wang, D., & Ouyang, Z. (2018). Ecological wisdom and inspiration underlying the planning and construction of ancient human settlements: Case study of hongcun UNESCO world heritage site in China. Sustainability, 10(5), 1345.

Thông tin
Thông tin xuất bản

Springer Science and Business Media LLC

Tập 23

10490-10511

Thông tin tác giả