Echocardiographic assessment of ischemic mitral regurgitation

Beaudoin J, Handschumacher MD, Zeng X, Hung J, Morris EL, Levine RA, Schwammenthal E: Mitral valve enlargement in chronic aortic regurgitation as a compensatory mechanism to prevent functional mitral regurgitation in the dilated left ventricle. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2013, 61: 1809-1816.

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Godley RW, Wann LS, Rogers EW, Feigenbaum H, Weyman AE: Incomplete mitral leaflet closure in patients with papillary muscle dysfunction. Circulation. 1981, 63: 565-571.

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Perez De Isla L, Zamorano J, Quezada M, Almería C, Rodrigo JL, Serra V, García Rubira JC, Ortiz AF, Macaya C: Prognostic significance of functional mitral regurgitation after a first non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndrome. Eur Heart J. 2006, 27: 2655-2660.

He S, Fontaine AA, Schwammenthal E, Yoganathan AP, Levine RA: Integrated mechanism for functional mitral regurgitation. Leaflet restriction versus coapting force: in vitro studies. Circulation. 1997, 96: 1826-1834.

Agricola E, Oppizzi M, Maisano F, De Bonis M, Schinkel AFL, Torracca L, Margonato A, Melisurgo G, Alfieri O: Echocardiographic classification of chronic ischemic mitral regurgitation caused by restricted motion according to tethering pattern. Eur J Echocardiogr. 2004, 5: 326-334.

Voci P, Bilotta F, Caretta Q, Mercanti C, Marino B: Papillary muscle perfusion pattern: a hypothesis for ischemic papillary muscle dysfunction. Circulation. 1995, 91: 1714-1718.

Kumanohoso T, Otsuji Y, Yoshifuku S, Matsukida K, Koriyama C, Kisanuki A, Minagoe S, Levine RA, Tei C: Mechanism of higher incidence of ischemic mitral regurgitation in patients with inferior myocardial infarction: quantitative analysis of left ventricular and mitral valve geometry in 103 patients with prior myocardial infarction. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2003, 125: 135-143.

Zito C, Cusma-Piccione M, Oreto L, Tripepi S, Mohammed M, Di Bella G, Falanga G, Oreto G, Lentini S, Carerj S: In patients with post-infarction left ventricular dysfunction, how does impaired basal rotation affect chronic ischemic mitral regurgitation?. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2013, 26: 1118-1129.

Zoghbi WA, Enriquez-Sarano M, Foster E, Grayburn PA, Kraft CD, Levine RA, Nihoyannopoulos P, Otto CM, Quinones MA, Rakowski H, Stewart MJ, Waggoner A, Weissman NJ: Recommendations for evaluation of the severity of native valvular regurgitation with two-dimensional and doppler echocardiography. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2003, 16: 777-802.

Zeng X, Tan TC, Dudzinski DM, Hung J: Echocardiography of the mitral valve. Prog Cardiovasc Dis. 2014, 57: 55-73.

Lancellotti P, Moura L, Pierard LA, Agricola E, Popescu BA, Tribouilloy C, Hagendorff A, Monin J-L, Badano L, Zamorano JL: European Association of Echocardiography recommendations for the assessment of valvular regurgitation. Part 2: mitral and tricuspid regurgitation (native valve disease). Eur J Echocardiogr. 2010, 11: 307-332.

Zeng X, Levine RA, Hua L, Morris EL, Kang YJ, Flaherty M, Morgan NV, Hung JMD: Diagnostic value of vena contracta area in the quantification of mitral regurgitation severity by color doppler 3D echocardiography. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging. 2011, 4: 506-513.

Otsuji Y, Handschumacher MD, Schwammenthal E, Jiang L, Song JK, Guerrero JL, Vlahakes GJ, Levine RA: Insights from three-dimensional echocardiography into the mechanism of functional mitral regurgitation: direct in vivo demonstration of altered leaflet tethering geometry. Circulation. 1997, 96: 1999-2008.

Tenenbaum A, Leor J, Motro M, Hod H, Kaplinsky E, Rabinowitz B, Boyko V, Vered Z: Improved posterobasal segment function after thrombolysis is associated with decreased incidence of significant mitral regurgitation in a first inferior myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1995, 25: 1558-1563.

Hung J, Guerrero JL, Handschumacher MD, Supple G, Sullivan S, Levine RA: Reverse ventricular remodeling reduces ischemic mitral regurgitation: echo-guided device application in the beating heart. Circulation. 2002, 106: 2594-2600.

Yiu SF, Enriquez-Sarano M, Tribouilloy C, Seward JB, Tajik AJ: Determinants of the degree of functional mitral regurgitation in patients with systolic left ventricular dysfunction: a quantitative clinical study. Circulation. 2000, 102: 1400-1406.

Veronesi F, Corsi C, Sugeng L, Caiani EG, Weinert L, Mor-Avi V, Cerutti S, Lamberti C, Lang RM: Quantification of mitral apparatus dynamics in functional and ischemic mitral regurgitation using real-time 3-dimensional echocardiography. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2008, 21: 347-354.

Otsuji Y, Handschumacher MD, Liel-Cohen N, Tanabe H, Jiang L, Schwammenthal E, Guerrero JL, Nicholls LA, Vlahakes GJ, Levine RA: Mechanism of ischemic mitral regurgitation with segmental left ventricular dysfunction: three-dimensional echocardiographic studies in models of acute and chronic progressive regurgitation. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2001, 37: 641-648.

Hsuan C-F, Yu H-Y, Tseng W-K, Lin L-C, Hsu K-L, Wu C-C: Quantification of the mitral tetrahedron in patients with ischemic heart disease using real-time three dimensional echocardiography to evaluate the geometric determinants of ischemic mitral regurgitation. Clin Cardiol. 2013, 36: 286-292.

Zeng X, Nunes MCP, Dent J, Gillam L, Mathew JP, Gammie JS, Ascheim DD, Moquete E, Hung J: Asymmetric versus symmetric tethering patterns in ischemic mitral regurgitation: geometric differences from three-dimensional transesophageal echocardiography. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2014, 27: 367-375.

Gelsomino S, van Garsse L, Luca F, Parise O, Cheriex E, Rao CM, Gensini FS, Maessen J: Left ventricular strain in chronic ischemic mitral regurgitation in relation to mitral tethering pattern. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2013, 26: 370-380.

Kaul S, Spotnitz WD, Glasheen WP, Touchstone DA: Mechanism of ischemic mitral regurgitation. An experimental evaluation. Circulation. 1991, 84: 2167-2180.

Messas E, Guerrero JL, Handschumacher MD, Chow C-M, Sullivan S, Schwammenthal E, Levine RA: Paradoxic decrease in ischemic mitral regurgitation with papillary muscle dysfunction: insights from three-dimensional and contrast echocardiography with strain rate measurement. Circulation. 2001, 104: 1952-1957.

Uemura T, Otsuji Y, Nakashiki K, Yoshifuku S, Maki Y, Yu B, Mizukami N, Kuwahara E, Hamasaki S, Biro S, Kisanuki A, Minagoe S, Levine RA, Tei C: Papillary muscle dysfunction attenuates ischemic mitral regurgitation in patients with localized basal inferior left ventricular remodeling: insights from tissue Doppler strain imaging. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2005, 46: 113-119.

Chinitz JS, Chen D, Goyal P, Wilson S, Islam F, Nguyen T, Wang Y, Hurtado-Rua S, Simprini L, Cham M, Levine RA, Devereux RB, Weinsaft JB: Mitral apparatus assessemnt by delayed enhancement CMR: Relative impact of infarct distribution on mitral regurgitation. J Am Coll Cardiol Imaging. 2013, 6: 220-224.

Meris A, Amigoni M, Verma A, Thune JJ, Køber L, Velazquez E, McMurray JJV, Pfeffer MA, Califf R, Levine RA, Solomon SD: Mechanisms and predictors of mitral regurgitation after high-risk myocardial infarction. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2012, 25: 535-542.

Nesta F, Otsuji Y, Handschumacher MD, Messas E, Leavitt M, Carpentier A, Levine RA, Hung J: Leaflet concavity: A rapid visual clue to the presence and mechanism of functional mitral regurgitation. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2003, 16: 1301-1308.

Lang RM, Badano LP, Tsang W, Adams DH, Agricola E, Buck T, Faletra FF, Franke A, Hung J, Pérez de Isla L, Kamp O, Kasprzak JD, Lancellotti P, Marwick TH, McCulloch ML, Monaghan MJ, Nihoyannopoulos P, Pandian NG, Pellikka PA, Pepi M, Roberson DA, Shernan SK, Shirali GS, Sugeng L, Ten Cate FJ, Vannan MA, Zamorano JL, Zoghbi WA: EAE/ASE recommendations for image acquisition and display using three-dimensional echocardiography. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2012, 25: 3-46.

Kaji S, Nasu M, Yamamuro A, Tanabe K, Nagai K, Tani T, Tamita K, Shiratori K, Kinoshita M, Senda M, Okada Y, Morioka S: Annular geometry in patients with chronic ischemic mitral regurgitation: three-dimensional magnetic resonance imaging study. Circulation. 2005, 112 (Suppl 9): I409-I414.

Tibayan FA, Rodriguez F, Zasio MK, Bailey L, Liang D, Daughters GT, Langer F, Ingels NB, Miller DC: Geometric distortions of the mitral valvular-ventricular complex in chronic ischemic mitral regurgitation. Circulation. 2003, 108 (Suppl 1:II): 116-121.

Otsuji Y, Kumanohoso T, Yoshifuku S, Matsukida K, Koriyama C, Kisanuki A, Minagoe C, Levine RA, Tei C: Isolated annular dilation does not usually cause important functional mitral regurgitation: comparison between patients with lone atrial fibrillation and those with idiopathic or ischemic cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2002, 39: 1651-1656.

Chaput M, Handschumacher MD, Tournoux F, Hua L, Guerrero JL, Vlahakes GJ, Levine RA: Mitral leaflet adaptation to ventricular remodeling: occurrence and adequacy in patients with functional mitral regurgitation. Circulation. 2008, 118: 845-852.

Chaput M, Handschumacher MD, Guerrero JL, Holmvang G, Dal-Bianco JP, Sullivan S, Vlahakes GJ, Hung J, Levine RA: Mitral leaflet adaptation to ventricular remodeling: prospective changes in a model of ischemic mitral regurgitation. Circulation. 2008, 120 (11 Suppl): S99-S103.

Dal-Bianco P, Aikawa E, Bischoff J, Guerrero JL, Handschumacher MD, Sullivan S, Johnson B, Titus JS, Iwamoto Y, Wylie-Sears J, Levine RA, Carpentier A: Active adaptation of the tethered mitral valve: Insights into a compensatory mechanism for functional mitral regurgitation. Circulation. 2009, 120: 334-342.

Hung J, Papakostas L, Tahta SA, Hardy GA, Bollen BA, Duran CM, Levine RA: Mechanism for recurrent ischemic mitral regurgitation after annuloplasty: continued LV remodeling as a moving target. Circulation. 2004, 110 (Suppl II): 85-90.

Magne J, Pibarot P, Dumensil JG, Sénéchal M: Continued global left ventricular remodeling is not the sole mechanism responsible for late recurrence of ischemic mitral regurgitation after restrictive annuloplasty. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2009, 22: 1256-1264.

Lee LS, Kwon MH, Cevasco M, Schmitto JD, Mokashi SA, McGurk S, Cohn LH, Bolman RM, Chen FY: Postoperative recurrence of mitral regurgitation after annuloplasty for functional mitral regurgitation. Ann Thorac Surg. 2012, 94: 1211-1216.

van Garsse L, Gelsomino S, Lucà F, Lorusso R, Rao CM, Stefàno P, Maessen J: Importance of anterior leaflet tethering in predicting recurrence of ischemic mitral regurgitation after restrictive annuloplasty. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2012, 143: S54-S59.

Gelsomino S, van Garsse L, Lucà F, Lorusso R, Cheriex E, Rao CM, Caciolli S, Vizzardi E, Crudeli E, Stefàno P, Gensini GF, Maessen J: Impact of preoperative anterior leaflet tethering on the recurrence of ischemic mitral regurgitation and the lack of left ventricular reverse remodeling after restrictive annuloplasty. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2011, 24: 1365-1375.

Gelsomino S, Lorusso R, Billè G, Rostagno C, De Cicco G, Romagnoli S, Porciani C, Tetta C, Stefàno P, Gensini GF: Left ventricular diastolic function after restrictive mitral ring annuloplasty in chronic ischemic mitral regurgitation and its predictive value on outcome and recurrence of regurgitation. Int J Cardiol. 2009, 132: 419-428.

Hung J, Solis J, Handschumacher MD, Guerrero JL, Levine RA: Persistence of mitral regurgitation following ring annuloplasty: is the papillary muscle outside or inside the ring?. J Heart Valve Dis. 2012, 21: 218-224.

Levine RA, Schwammenthal E: Ischemic mitral regurgitation on the threshold of a solution: from paradoxes to unifying concepts. Circulation. 2005, 112: 745-758.

Szymanski C, Levine RA, Tribouilloy C, Zheng H, Handschumacher MD, Tawakol A, Hung J: Impact of mitral regurgitation on exercise capacity and clinical outcomes in patients with ischemic left ventricular dysfunction. Am J Cardiol. 2011, 108: 1714-1720.

Bigi R, Cortigiani L, Bovenzi F, Fiorentini C: Assessing functional mitral regurgitation with exercise echocardiography: Rationale and clinical applications. Cardiovasc Ultrasound. 2009, 7: 57-

Lancellotti P, Troisfontaines P, Toussaint AC, Peirard LA: Prognostic importance of exercise-induced changes in mitral regurgitation in patients with chronic ischemic left ventricular dysfunction. Circulation. 2003, 108: 1713-1717.

Giga V, Ostojic M, Vujisic-Tesic B, Djordjevic-Dikic A, Stepanovic J, Beleslin B, Petrovic M, Nedeljkovic M, Nedeljkovic I, Milic N: Exercise-induced changes in mitral regurgitation in patients with prior myocardial infarction and left ventricular dysfunction: relation to mitral deformation and left ventricular function and shape. Eur Heart J. 2005, 26: 1860-1865.

Sidebotham DA, Allen SJ, Gerber IL, Fayers T: Intraoperative transesophageal echocardiography for surgical repair of mitral regurgitation. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2014, 27: 345-366.

Shakil O, Jainandunsing JS, Ilic R, Mahmood F: Ischemic mitral regurgitation: an intraoperative echocardiographic perspective. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth. 2013, 27: 573-585.

Shiran A, Merdler A, Ammar R, Zlotnick AY, Aravot D, Lazarovici H, Zisman E, Pizow R, Lewis BS: Intraoperative transesophageal echocardiography using a quantitative dynamic loading test for the evaluation of ischemic mitral regurgitation. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2007, 20: 690-697.

Delgado V, Tops LF, Schuijf JD, de Roos A, Brugada J, Schalij MJ, Thomas JD, Bax JJ: Assessment of mitral valve anatomy and geometry with multislice computed tomography. J Am Coll Cardiol Imaging. 2009, 2: 556-565.

Beaudoin J, Thai W-E, Wai B, Handschumacher MD, Levine RA, Truong QA: Assessment of mitral valve adaptation with gated cardiac computed tomography: validation with three-dimensional echocardiography and mechanistic insight to functional mitral regurgitation. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging. 2013, 6: 784-789.

Acker MA, Parides MK, Perrault LP, Moskowitz AJ, Gelijns AC, Voisine P, Smith PK, Hung JW, Blackstone EH, Puskas JD, Argenziano M, Gammie JS, Mack M, Ascheim DD, Bagiella E, Moquete EG, Ferguson TB, Horvath KA, Geller NL, Miller MA, Woo YJ, D'Alessandro DA, Ailawadi G, Dagenais F, Gardner TJ, O'Gara PT, Michler RE, Kron IL: Mitral-valve repair versus replacement for severe ischemic mitral regurgitation. N Engl J Med. 2014, 370: 23-32.

Fukuda S, Grimm R, Song JM, Kihara T, Daimon M, Agler DA, Wilkoff BL, Natale A, Thomas JD, Shiota T: Electrical conduction disturbance effects on dynamic changes of functional mitral regurgitation. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2005, 46: 2270-2276.

Solis J, Levine RA, Johnson B, Guerrero JL, Handschumacher MD, Sullivan S, Lam K, Berlin J, Braithwaite GJ, Muratoglu OK, Vlahakes GJ, Hung J: Polymer injection therapy to reverse remodel the papillary muscles: efficacy in reducing mitral regurgitation in a chronic ischemic model. Circ Cardiovasc Interv. 2010, 3: 499-505.

Grossi EA, Patel N, Woo YJ, Goldberg JD, Schwartz CF, Subramanian V, Feldman T, Bourge R, Baumgartner N, Genco C, Goldman S, Zenati M, Wolfe JA, Mishra YK, Trehan N, Mittal S, Shang S, Mortier TJ, Schweich CJ, RESTOR-MV Study Group: Outcomes of the RESTOR-MV Trial (Randomized Evaluation of a Surgical Treatment for Off-Pump Repair of the Mitral Valve). J Am Coll Cardiol. 2010, 56: 1984-1993.