Early adolescent disclosure and parental knowledge regarding online activities: Social anxiety and parental rule-setting as moderators

Springer Science and Business Media LLC - Tập 39 - Trang 287-298 - 2017
Nejra Van Zalk1, Maarten Van Zalk2
1Department of Psychology, Social Work and Counselling, University of Greenwich, London, UK
2Psychological Assessment and Personality Psychology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany

Tóm tắt

Early adolescents spend a lot of time online, yet little is currently known about the links between parental rule-setting, adolescent disclosure about online activities, and whether social anxiety may interfere with these processes. Using a longitudinal sample of 526 adolescents (269 girls; Mage = 14.00) and their parents (79% mothers, Mage = 43.66), the results from the current study showed low correspondence between parental knowledge, adolescent disclosure, as well as parents’ and adolescents’ ratings of parental legitimacy to set boundaries about online activities. High social anxiety interacted with high adolescent-rated parental rule-setting in predicting the least disclosure about chatting with strangers and posting online content over time. Also, high social anxiety interacted with low parent-rated control to predict more adolescent disclosure about chatting with strangers and money spent online over time. Thus, social anxiety and parental rule-setting moderated the links between disclosure and knowledge for some early adolescent online activities. Our results conflict with the value typically placed on parental rule-setting in online contexts, at least for socially anxious adolescents.

Tài liệu tham khảo

Cumsille, P., Darling, N., Flaherty, B., & Martinez, M. L. (2006). Chilean adolescents' beliefs about the legitimacy of parental authority: Individual and age-related differences. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 30, 97–106. https://doi.org/10.1177/0165025406063554. Dadds, M. R., & Barrett, P. M. (2001). Practitioner review: Psychological management of anxiety disorders in childhood. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 42, 999–1011. https://doi.org/10.1111/1469-7610.00798. Darling, N., Cumsille, P., & Loreto Martínez, M. (2008). Individual differences in adolescents' beliefs about the legitimacy of parental authority and their own obligation to obey: A longitudinal investigation. Child Development, 79, 1103–1118. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2008.01178.x. Enders, C. K. (2010). Applied missing data analysis. New York: The Guilford Press. Epkins, C. C., & Heckler, D. R. (2011). Integrating etiological models of social anxiety and depression in youth: Evidence for a cumulative interpersonal risk model. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 14, 329–376. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10567-011-0101-8. Findahl, O. (2010). Svenskarna och internet 2010: World Internet Institute.Retrieved from https://www.iis.se/docs/SOI2010_web_v1.pdf. Frijns, T., Keijsers, L., Branje, S., & Meeus, W. (2010). What parents don't know and how it may affect their children: Qualifying the disclosure- adjustment link. Journal of Adolescence, 33, 261–270. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.20. Furmark, T., Tillfors, M., Everz, P. O., Marteinsdottir, I., Gefvert, O., & Fredrikson, M. (1999). Social phobia in the general population: Prevalence and sociodemographic profile. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 34, 416–424. https://doi.org/10.1007/s001270050163. Gren-Landell, M., Tillfors, M., Furmark, T., Bohlin, G., Andersson, G., & Svedin, C. G. (2009). Social phobia in Swedish adolescents. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 44, 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-008-0400-7. Hastings, P. D., Rubin, K. H., & DeRose, L. (2005). Links among gender, inhibition, and parental socialization in the development of prosocial behavior. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 51, 467–493. https://doi.org/10.1353/mpq.2005.0023. Hastings, P. D., Nuselovici, J. N., Rubin, K. H., & Cheah, C. S. L. (2010). Shyness, parenting, and parent-child relationships. In K. H. Rubin & R. J. Coplan (Eds.), The development of shyness and social withdrawal (pp. 107–130). New York: The Guilford Press. Heiser, N. A., Turner, S. M., Beidel, D. C., & Roberson-Nay, R. (2009). Differentiating social phobia from shyness. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 23, 469–476. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2008.10.002. Kerr, M., & Stattin, H. (2000). What parents know, how they know it, and several forms of adolescent adjustment: Further support for a reinterpretation of monitoring. Developmental Psychology, 36, 366–380. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.36.3.366. La Greca, A., & Lopez, N. (1998). Social anxiety among adolescents: Linkages with peer relations and friendships. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 26, 83–94. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1022684520514. Li, X., Li, D., & Newman, J. (2013). Parental behavioral and psychological control and problematic internet use among Chinese adolescents: The mediating role of self-control. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 16, 442–447. https://doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2012.0293. Liau, A. K., Khoo, A., & Ang, P. H. (2008). Parental awareness and monitoring of adolescent internet use. Current Psychology, 27, 217–233. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-008-9038-6. Little, R. J. A. (1988). A test of missing completely at random for multivariate data with missing values. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 83, 1198–1202. https://doi.org/10.1080/01621459.1988.10478722. Little, T. D. (2013). Longitudinal structural equation modeling: Methodology in the social sciences. New York: The Guilford Press. Masia, C. L., & Morris, T. L. (1998). Parental factors associated with social anxiety: Methodological limitations and suggestions for integrated behavioral research. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 5, 211–228. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2850.1998.tb00144.x. Muthén, L. K., & Muthén, B. O. (1998-2012). Mplus user’s guide. Los Angeles: Muthén & Muthén. Nucci, L., Camino, C., & Sapiro, C. M. (1996). Social class effects on Northeastern Brazilian children's conceptions of areas of personal choice and social regulation. Child Development, 67, 1223–1242. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.1996.tb01792.x. Pennebaker, J. W. (1997). Writing about emotional experiences as a therapeutic process. Psychological Science, 8, 162–166. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.1997.tb00403.x. Rapee, R. M. (2001). The development of generalized anxiety. In M. W. Vasey & M. M. Dadds (Eds.), The developmental psychopathology of anxiety (pp. 481–503). New York: Oxford University Press. Siqueland, L., Kendall, P. C., & Steinberg, L. (1996). Anxiety in children: Perceived family environments and observed family interaction. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 25, 225–237. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15374424jccp2502_12. Smetana, J. G. (1993). Conceptions of parental authority in divorced and married mothers and their adolescents. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 3, 19–39. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327795jra0301_2. Smetana, J. G., & Asquith, P. (1994). Adolescents' and parents' conceptions of parental authority and personal autonomy. Child Development, 65, 1147–1162. https://doi.org/10.2307/1131311. Smetana, J. G., & Daddis, C. (2002). Domain-specific antecedents of parental psychological control and monitoring: The role of parenting beliefs and practices. Child Development, 73, 563–580. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8624.00424. Smetana, J. G., Crean, H. F., & Campione-Barr, N. (2005). Adolescents' and parents' changing conceptions of parental authority. New Directions for Child and Adolescent Development, (108), 31–46. https://doi.org/10.1002/cd.126. Smetana, J. G., Metzger, A., Gettman, D. C., & Campione-Barr, N. (2006). Disclosure and secrecy in adolescent-parent relationships. Child Development, 77, 201–217. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2006.00865.x. Smetana, J. G., Villalobos, M., Tasopoulos-Chan, M., Gettman, D. C., & Campione-Barr, N. (2009). Early and middle adolescents' disclosure to parents about activities in different domains. Journal of Adolescence, 32, 693–713. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2008.06.010. Stattin, H., & Kerr, M. (2000). Parental monitoring: A reinterpretation. Child Development, 71, 1072–1085. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8624.00210. Stevenson-Hinde, J., & Glover, A. (1996). Shy girls and boys: A new look. Journal of Psychology and Psychiatry, 37, 181–187. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.1996.tb01389.x. van den Eijnden, R. J., Spijkerman, R., Vermulst, A. A., van Rooij, T. J., & Engels, R. C. (2010). Compulsive internet use among adolescents: Bidirectional parent-child relationships. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 38, 77–89. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-009-9347-8. Van Rooij, A. J., & van den Eijnden, R. J. J. M. (2007). Monitor internet en Jongeren 2006 en 2007. Ontwikkelingen in internetgebruik en de rol van opvoeding [internet and youth 2006 and 2007: Developments in internet use and the role of parenting]. IVO reeks no. 45, Rotterdam: IVO. Van Zalk, N., & Kerr, M. (2011). Shy adolescents’ perceptions of parents’ psychological control and emotional warmth: Examining bidirectional links. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 57, 375–401. https://doi.org/10.1353/mpq.2011.0021. Westström, C., & Uhrlander, C. (2013). Statistical yearbook of Sweden 2013. Retrieved from http://www.scb.se/statistik/_publikationer/OV0904_2013A01_BR_00_A01BR1301.pdf: Statistics Sweden. Wood, J. J., McLeod, B. D., Sigman, M., Hwang, W. C., & Chu, B. C. (2003). Parenting and childhood anxiety: Theory, empirical findings, and future directions. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 44, 134–151. https://doi.org/10.1111/1469-7610.00106. Zimbardo, P. G. (1977). Shyness: What it is, what to do about it. Reading: Addison-Wesley.