Drug use prevention projects in schools in Vitória, Brazil: quality analysis and improvement proposals
Tóm tắt
Adolescents living in vulnerable regions are more exposed to risk factors for drug use. The prevention of such use in school is a public policy that needs evaluation. Based on technical criteria and derived from a mixed research, this article analyses the quality of school-based prevention of drug use in Vitória, state of Espírito Santo, Brazil, and proposes improvements. A checklist of quality elements was completed with data from 16 projects proposed by 99 teachers from public schools. In 10 projects (62.5%), the approximate quality index was above 0.50. The majority of projects fulfilled the requirement of theoretical foundation (81.25%) and some of the methodological (93.75%), design (75%) and implementation (62%) requirements. Other requirements were absent: the majority were not designed by the whole school community (87.5%), and the participation of the family (62.5%) or the students as mediators (62.5%) was not considered. In general, contents of life skills (87.5%), positive relationships and alternative activities to drug use (56.25%) were not included. Activities for reinforcing the content were not described in any of the projects, and evaluation activities were described in only a few (31.25%). Many projects did not describe the inclusion of the project in the school curriculum (62.5%). Although, considering all items of effectiveness, regardless of their weight, more than half of the projects had an above average quality. The present items provide quality to the projects, whereas absent items indicate shortcomings to be improved using some of the measures described in this study.
Tài liệu tham khảo
Araujo, R. B., Oliveira, M. M. de A., & Cemi, J. (2011). Desenvolvimento de role-playing game para prevenção e tratamento da dependência de drogas na adolescência. Psicologia: Teoria e Pesquisa, 27(3), 347–355. doi:10.1590/S0102-3772201100030001.
Arco, J. L., & Fernández, A. (2002). Por qué los programas de prevención no previenen. International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology, 2, 209–226.
Berkowitz, M. W., & Bier, M. C. (2005). What works in character education: a research-driven guide for educators. Washington, DC: Character Education Partnership. http://character.org/more-resources/publications/pdf. Accessed Feb 2015.
Becoña, I. E. (2002). Bases científicas de la prevención de las drogodependencias. Madrid: Imprenta Nacional del Boletín Oficial del Estado.
Canoletti, B., & Soares, C. B. (2005). Programas de prevenção ao consumo de drogas no Brasil: uma análise da produção científica de 1991 a 2001. Interface Comunicação, Saúde e Educação, 9(16), 115–129.
Carline, E. A., Noto, A. R., & Sanchez, Z. M. (Eds.). (2010). VI Levantamento nacional sobre o consumo de drogas psicotrópicas entre estudantes do ensino fundamental e médio da rede pública de ensino nas 27 capitais brasileiras. São Paulo: Centro Brasileiro de Informações sobre Drogas Psicotrópicas.
Carmona, M., & Stewart, K. (1997). A review of alternative activities and alternatives programs in youth-oriented prevention. Technical Report 13. Rockville, MD: Center for Substance Abuse Prevention, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration/ US, Department of Health and Human Services. https://www.ncjrs.gov/App/Publications/abstract.aspx?ID=169739. Accessed Feb 2015.
Cerkez, I., Culjak, Z., Zenic, N., Sekulic, D., & Kondric, M. (2015). Harmful alcohol drinking among adolescents: the influence of sport participation, religiosity, and parental factors. Journal of Child & Adolescent Substance Abuse, 24(2), 94–101. doi:10.1080/1067828X.2013.788875.
Cuijpers, P. (2002). Effective ingredients of school-based drug prevention programs. A systematic review. Addictive Behaviors, 27, 1009–1023. doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2015.01.006.
De Vincenzi, A., & Bareilles, G. (2011). Promoción de la salud y prevención escolar del consumo de drogas en contextos de vulnerabilidad social. Revista Educación y Educadores, 14(3), 577–600.
Decreto no 7.179 de 20 de maio de 2010 (2010). Institui o Plano Integrado de Enfrentamento ao Crack e outras Drogas, cria o seu Comitê Gestor, e dá outras providências. Brasília, DF. Resource document. Presidência da República, Casa Civil. http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/_Ato2007-2010/2010/Decreto/D7179.htm. Accessed Feb 2015.
Del Prette, A, Del Prette, Z. A. P. (Orgs.). (2011). Habilidades sociais: intervenções efetivas em grupo. São Paulo: Casa do Psicólogo.
Espada, J. P., Gonzálvez, M. T., Orgilés, M., Lloret, D., & Guillén-Riquelme, A. (2015). Meta-analysis of the effectiveness of school substance abuse prevention programs in Spain. Psicothema, 27(1), 5–12. doi:10.7334/psicothema2014.106.
European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (2011). European drug prevention quality standards. A manual for prevention professionals. Resource document. European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. http://prevention-standards.eu/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/EMCDDA-EDPQS-Manual.pdf. Accessed Feb 2015.
Fabrizio, S., Faccioli, F., Fazzi, G., Marconi, F., & Martire, F. (2013). Just for fun? Alcohol and drugs in youth lifestyles: a survey. International Review of Sociology, 23(3), 622–646. doi:10.1080/03906701.2013.856164.
Faggiano, F., Vigna-Taglianti, F. D., Versino, E., Zambon, A., Borraccino, A., & Lemma, P. (2008). School-based prevention for illicit drug use: a systematic review. Preventive Medicine, 46(5), 385–396. doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2007.11.012.
Fernández, S., Nebot, M., & Jané, M. (2002). Evaluación de la efectividad de los programas escolares de prevención del consumo de tabaco, alcohol y cannabis: ¿Qué nos dicenlos meta-análisis? Revista Española de Salud Pública, 76, 175–187. doi:10.1590/S1135-57272002000300002.
Gázquez, M., García, J. A., & Espada, J. (2009). Características de los programas eficaces para la prevención escolar del consumo de drogas. Health and Addictions, 9, 185–208.
Giacomozzi, A. I., Itokasu, M. C., Luzardo, A. R., & Vieira, I. (2012). Levantamento sobre uso de álcool e outras drogas e vulnerabilidades relacionadas de estudantes de escolas públicas participantes do Programa Saúde do Escolar/Saúde e prevenção nas escolas no município de Florianópolis. Saúde e Sociedade, 21(3), 612–622.
Gottfredson, D. C. (1987). An evaluation of an organization development approach to reducing school disorder. Evaluation Review, 11, 739–763. doi:10.1177/0193841X8701100603.
Gottfredson, D. C., & Wilson, D. B. (2003). Characteristics of effective school-based substance abuse prevention. Prevention Science, 4, 27–38. doi:10.1007/s11121-014-0524-9.
Griffin, K. W., & Botvin, G. J. (2010). Evidence-based interventions for preventing substance use disorders in adolescents. Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 19, 505–526. doi:10.1016/j.chc.2010.03.005.
Holder, H. (2008). Prevention programs in the 21st century: what we do not discuss in public. Addiction, 105(4), 578–581. doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2009.02752.x.
Hollen, V., & Ortiz, G. (2015). Mental health and substance use comorbidity among adolescents in psychiatric inpatient hospitals: prevalence and covariates. Journal of Child and Adolescent Substance Abuse, 24(2), 102–112. doi:10.1080/1067828X.2013.768575.
Jackson, C., Geddes, R., Haw, S., & Frank, J. (2012). Interventions to prevent substance use and risky sexual behavior in young people: a systematic review. Addiction, 4, 733–747. doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2011.03751.x.
Jiménez, L, Antolín-Suárez, L, Oliva, A, Hidalgo, V, Jiménez-Iglesias, A, Lorence, B, Moreno, C, Ramos, P (2014). A synthesis of research on effectiveness of school-based drug prevention programmes/ Claves de eficacia de los programas de prevención de consumo de sustâncias em el contexto escolar: una meta-revisión. Cultura y Educación: Culture and Education, 15–28. doi:10.1080/11356405.2014.973670
Kwan, P. P., Sussman, S., & Valente, T. W. (2015). Peer leaders and substance use among high-risk adolescents. Substance Use Misuse, 50(3), 283–291. doi:10.3109/10826084.2014.977395.
MacLean, S. J., Kutin, J., Best, D., Bruun, A., & Green, R. (2013). Risk profiles for early adolescents who regularly use drugs compared to older youth. Vulnerable Children and Youth Studies: An International Interdisciplinary Journal for Research, Policy and Care, 9(1), 17–27. doi:10.1080/17450128.2012.750025.
Markham, W., Young, R., Sweeting, H., West, P., & Aveyard, P. (2012). Does school ethos explain the relationship between value-added education and teenage substance use? A cohort study. Social Science and Medicine, 75(1), 69–76. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2012.02.045.
Midford, R. (2010). Drug prevention programmes for young people: where have we been and where should we be going? Addiction, 105(10), 1688–1695. doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2009.02790.x.
Peters, L., Kok, G., Ten Dam, G., Buijs, G., & Paulussen, T. (2009). Effective elements of school health promotion across behavioral domains: a systematic review of reviews. BioMed Central Public Health, 9(1), 182. doi:10.1186/1471-2458-9-182.
Piko, B. F., & Kovács, E. (2010). Do parents and school matter? Protective factors for adolescent substance use. Addictive Behaviors, 35, 53–56. doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2009.08.004.
Ramos, P., Oliva, A., Moreno, C., Lorence, B., Jiménez-Iglesias, A., Jiménez, L., Hidalgo, M. V., & Antolin-Suárez, L. (2010). Los programas escolares para la prevención del consumo de sustancias: análisis de las claves que determinan su eficacia. Sevilla: Consejería para la Igualdad y Bienestar Social, Junta de Andalucía.
Reyna, V. F., & Farley, F. (2006). Risk and rationality in adolescent decision-making: implications for theory, practice, and public policy. Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 7(1), 1–44. doi:10.1111/j.1529-1006.2006.00026.x.
Rowling, L. (2003). School mental health promotion: theoretical, conceptual and practical issues. Australian Journal of Guidance and Counselling, 13(1), 11–21. doi:10.1017/S1037291100004702.
Sandler, I., Wolchik, S. A., Cruden, G., Mahrer, N. E., Ahn, S., Brincks, A., & Brown, C. H. (2014). Overview of meta-analyses of the prevention of mental health, substance use, and conduct problems. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 10, 243–273. doi:10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-050212-185524.
Strøm, H. K., Adolfsen, F., Fossum, S., Kaiser, S., & Martinussen, M. (2014). Effectiveness of school-based preventive interventions on adolescent alcohol use: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Substance Abuse Treatment, Prevention, and Policy, 9, 48. doi:10.1186/1747-597X-9-48.
Suárez, C., Del Moral, G., Musitu, G., Sánchez, J. C., & John, B. (2014). Eficacia de las políticas institucionales de prevención del consumo de alcohol en adolescentes: la opinión de expertos y adolescentes. Atencion Primaria, 46(7), 326–335. doi:10.1016/j.aprim.2013.11.005.
Sudbrack, M. F., Conceição, M. I. G., & Costa, L. F. (Eds.). (2014). Curso de Prevenção do uso de drogas para educadores de Escolas Públicas (6ªth ed.). Brasília: Gráfica e Editora Movimento Ltda.
Sudbrack, M. F., Conceição, M. I. G., Seidl, E. M. F., & Gussi, M. A. (Eds.). (2015). A escola em rede para a prevenção do uso de drogas no território educativo: experiência e pesquisa do PRODEQUI/PCL/IP/UnB nos 10 anos do Curso de Formação de educadores de Escolas Públicas para a Prevenção do Uso de Drogas (2004–2014). Campinas: Armazém do Ipê.
United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. (2013). World drug report 2013. New York: United Nations publication. Resource document. United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. http://www.unodc.org/lpo-brazil/en/drogas/relatorio-mundial-sobre-drogas.html. Accessed Feb 2015.
Valente, T. W., Ritt-Olson, A., Stacy, A., Unger, J. B., Okamoto, J., & Sussman, S. (2007). Peer acceleration: effects of a social network tailored substance abuse prevention program among high-risk adolescents. Addiction, 102(11), 1804–1815. doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2007.01992.x.
Viner, R. M., Ozer, E. M., Denny, S., Marmot, M., Resnick, M., Fatusi, A., & Currie, C. (2012). Adolescence and the social determinants of health. Lancet, 379(9826), 1641–1652. doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60149-4.
Wichstrom, T., & Wichstrom, L. (2009). Does sports participation during adolescence prevent later alcohol, tobacco and cannabis use? Addiction, 104(1), 138–149. doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2008.02422.x.
Winters, K. C., Fawkes, T., Fahnhorst, T., Botzet, A., & August, A. (2007). A synthesis review of exemplary drug abuse prevention programs in the United States. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 32, 371–380. doi:10.1016/j.jsat.2006.10.002.
Wongtongkam, N., Ward, P. R., Day, A., & Winefield, A. H. (2014). The influence of protective and risk factors in individual, peer and school domains on Thai adolescents’ alcohol and illicit drug use: a survey. Addictive Behaviors, 39(10), 1447–1451. doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2014.05.026.