Dramatic losses of specialist arable plants in Central Germany since the 1950s/60s – a cross‐regional analysis

Diversity and Distributions - Tập 19 Số 9 - Trang 1175-1187 - 2013
Stefan Meyer1, Karsten Wesche2, Benjamin Krause1, Christoph Leuschner1
1Plant Ecology and Ecosystems Research, Albrecht von Haller Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Göttingen, Untere Karspüle 2, 37073, Göttingen, Germany
2Senckenberg Museum of Natural History Görlitz, Am Museum 1, 02826 Görlitz, Germany

Tóm tắt

AbstractAim

To assess the consequences of agricultural intensification since the 1950s for Central Europe's plant communities of arable plants.

Location

Central Germany.

Methods

We employed a semipermanent plot design to analyse changes in 392 field interiors for 10 study regions, including sandy, limestone and loamy sites between the 1950s/60s and 2009.

Results

The analysis revealed a reduction in the regional species pool during the 50‐year period of 23% (from 301 to 233 vascular species) and dramatic losses in plot‐level diversity (from medians of 24 to 7). Median cover of spontaneously growing arable plants decreased from 30% to 3%. Losses were disproportionally larger on limestone sites while sandy sites maintained a larger fraction of the original diversity. Archaeophytes, neophytes and most Poaceae (including some aggressive weeds) showed similarly strong losses as indigenous plants. This contradicts the assumption that grasses and neophytes are generally profiting from agricultural intensification. Crop diversity decreased from 25 crop plants present in the 1950s/60s to only 16 in 2009, while crop cover generally increased. Winter cereals, oilseed rape and maize are dominant today, while all other crop types showed strong declines.

Main conclusions

Vegetation change over time depended on soil substrate with once markedly different arable communities now showing more homogenized community structure. Increasing Ellenberg indicator values for nitrogen and pH point to N fertilization as a major driver of change. New conservation measures such as the establishment of field flora reserves and agri‐environment schemes with less intensive land use are thus urgently needed especially on limestone substrates to bring an end to the decline of this functionally distinct and increasingly threatened component of the Central European flora.

Từ khóa


Tài liệu tham khảo

10.1016/j.ecolind.2008.10.006

Albrecht H., 1989, Untersuchungen zur Veränderung der Segetalflora an sieben bayerischen Ackerstandorten zwischen den Erhebungszeiträumen 1951/1968 und 1986/1988, Dissertationes Botanicae, 141, 1

Albrecht H.(1995)Changes in the arable weed flora of Germany during the last five decades. Proceedings of the 9th EWRS‐Symposium Budapest 41–48.

10.1111/j.1365-3180.2010.00836.x

10.1111/j.1365-3180.2008.00603.x

10.1016/j.agee.2005.12.007

10.1111/j.1365-2664.2008.01571.x

Bauerkämper A., 2004, The industrialization of agriculture and its consequences for the natural environment: an inter‐German comparative perspective, Historical Social Research, 29, 124

10.1126/science.1127863

10.1890/08-1140.1

ter Braak C.J.F., 2002, Canoco 4.5 Reference Manual and CanoDraw for Windows User's Guide

10.1007/978-3-7091-8110-2

10.1127/phyto/23/1993/427

10.1111/j.1365-2745.2008.01412.x

10.1111/j.1757-1707.2010.01058.x

10.1016/j.agee.2006.02.007

Ellenberg H., 1950, Unkrautgemeinschaften als Zeiger für Klima und Boden. Landwirtschaftliche Pflanzensoziologie I

Ellenberg H., 2010, Vegetation Mitteleuropas mit den Alpen

Ellenberg H., 1992, Zeigerwerte von Pflanzen in Mitteleuropa

10.1007/s12155-007-9000-8

10.1098/rstb.2007.2183

10.1111/j.1420-9101.2008.01566.x

10.1111/j.1654-1103.2009.05284.x

10.1016/j.biocon.2008.09.029

10.1186/1472-6785-10-20

10.1111/j.1757-1707.2011.01104.x

10.1007/s10530-010-9880-y

10.1038/250026a0

10.1016/j.agee.2010.03.010

10.2307/3237010

Heyland K.‐U., 2006, Ölfrüchte, Faserpflanzen, Arzneipflanzen und Sonderkulturen. Handbuch des Pflanzenbaus

10.1002/joc.1276

Hofmeister W., 2006, Lebensraum Acker

Hüppe J., 1990, Syntaxonomische Fassung und Übersicht über die Ackerunkrautgesellschaften der Bundesrepublik Deutschland, Berichte der Reinhold‐Tüxen‐Gesellschaft, 2, 61

Jäger E.J., 2011, Rothmaler. Exkursionsflora von Deutschland, Gefäßpflanzen. Grundband

Jansen F., 2008, GermanSL – Eine universelle taxonomische Referenzliste für Vegetationsdatenbanken in Deutschland, Tuexenia, 28, 239

Kläge H.C., 1999, Segetalartenschutz in der Niederlausitz und die Naturschutzstrategie zu ihrer Erhaltung, Dissertationes Botanicae, 304, 1

10.1016/S0006-3207(96)00153-X

10.1080/10440046.2011.539128

Kohlbrecher C., 2012, Veränderungen in der Segetalflora am Kyffhäusergebirge in den letzten 50 Jahren, Landschaftspflege und Naturschutz in Thüringen, 49, 1

10.1127/0340-269X/2009/0039-0235

Lososová Z., 2008, Changes during the 20th century in species composition of synanthropic vegetation in Moravia (Czech Republic), Preslia, 80, 291

10.1111/j.1654-1103.2004.tb02279.x

10.1016/S0006-3207(99)00173-1

10.2478/s11756-010-0035-5

10.1046/j.1365-3180.2003.00326.x

McCune B., 2011, PC‐ORD 6.04 Multivariate analysis of ecological data

McCune B., 2002, Analysis of ecological communities

Meisel K., 1969, Verbreitung und Gliederung der Winterfrucht‐Unkrautbestände auf Sandböden des nordwestdeutschen Flachlandes, Schriftenreihe für Vegetationskunde, 4, 7

Menne H.J., 2008, Target‐site resistance in black‐grass (Alopecurus myosuroides Huds.) to ACCase inhibiting herbicides in Northern Germany – are there correlating factors in the agronomic production systems?, Journal of Plant Diseases and Protection, Special Issue, 21, 31

Meyer S., 2010, Zur aktuellen Verbreitung des Acker‐Leinkrautes (Linaria arvensis) in Deutschland, Floristische Rundbriefe, 44, 13

Meyer S., 2008, Sanctuaries for the segetal vegetation in Germany – inventory and new impulses by the project “Biodiversity in agricultural landscapes”, Journal of Plant Diseases and Protection, Special Issue, 21, 363

Meyer S., 2010, Are current agri‐environment schemes suitable for long‐term conservation of arable plants? – A short review of different conservation strategies from Germany and brief remarks on the new project ‘100 fields for diversity’, Aspects of Applied Biology, 100, 287

Mirek Z., 1976, The extinction of flax weed Camelina alyssum (Mill.) Thell. in Poland, Phytocoenosis, 5, 227

10.5586/asbp.1997.028

Moray R., 2003, Bromus species in winter wheat – population dynamics and competitiveness, Communications in Agricultural and Applied Biological Sciences, 68, 341

10.1111/j.1654-109X.2011.01158.x

Potter C., 1997, Farming and birds in Europe: the common agriculture policy and its implications for bird conservation, 25

10.1111/j.1365-2664.2009.01742.x

10.1111/j.1095-8339.2004.00284.x

10.2307/3235956

10.1890/04-0012

R Development Core Team, 2004, R: A language and environment for statistical computing

Ries C., 1992, Überblick über die Ackerunkrautvegetation Österreichs und ihre Entwicklung in neuerer Zeit, Dissertationes Botanicae, 187, 1

10.1046/j.1365-2664.2002.00695.x

10.1016/j.agee.2007.08.002

Rumpf U. Griese D.&Brandes D.(2004)Zur Invasibilität von Äckern durch Neophyten. Available at:www.biblio.tu-bs.de/geobot/invasibilitaet.pdf(accessed 15 May 2012).

Salesbury E.J., 1961, Weeds and aliens, 24

10.1098/rspb.2006.3630

Spahillari M., 1999, Weeds as part of agriculture, Outlook on Agriculture, 28, 227, 10.1177/003072709902800405

10.1111/j.1365-3180.2006.00528.x

10.1614/WS-09-096.1

10.1098/rspb.2011.1686

10.1016/S0006-3207(99)00119-6

Umweltbundesamt, 2005, Daten zur Umwelt

Umweltbundesamt, 2011, Daten zur Umwelt – Umwelt und Landwirtschaft

Waldhardt R., 2011, Biogas gegen Biodiversität?, DLG‐Mitteilungen, 3, 20

Welk E., 2002, Arealkundliche Analyse und Bewertung der Schutzrelevanz seltener und gefährdeter Gefäßpflanzen in Deutschland, Schriftenreihe für Vegetationskunde, 37, 1

Wiedenroth E.M., 1960, Vegetationskundliche Untersuchungen in der mitteldeutschen Ackerlandschaft. III. Die Ackerunkrautgesellschaften im Gebiet von Hainleite und Windleite, Wissenschaftliche Zeitschrift, Mathematisch‐naturwissenschaftliche Reihe, Martin Luther‐Universität Halle‐Wittenberg, 9, 333

10.2307/2405097

10.1016/S0167-8809(99)00064-X

Thông tin
Thông tin xuất bản

Diversity and Distributions

Tập 19 Số 9

1175-1187

Thông tin tác giả