Doubly Robust Estimation of Causal Effects with Multivalued Treatments: An Application to the Returns to Schooling

Journal of Applied Econometrics - Tập 30 Số 5 - Trang 763-786 - 2015
S. Derya Uysal1
1Department of Economics and Finance, Institute for Advanced Studies, Vienna, Austria

Tóm tắt

SummaryThis paper provides doubly robust estimators for treatment effect parameters which are defined in a multivalued treatment effect framework. We apply this method to the unique dataset of the 1970 British Cohort Study (BCS70) to estimate returns to various levels of schooling. The analysis is carried out for female and male samples separately to capture possible gender differences. Average returns are estimated for the entire population, as well as conditional on having a specific educational achievement. For males, relative to no qualification, we find an average return to O‐levels of 6.3%, to A‐levels of 7.9% and to higher education of 25.4%. The estimated average returns to O‐level and A‐level relative to no qualification are insignificant for females, whereas the return to higher education is 19.9%.Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Từ khóa


Tài liệu tham khảo

10.1111/j.1541-0420.2005.00377.x

10.1111/j.1468-0297.2007.02034.x

10.1111/1468-0297.00508

10.1111/j.1467-985X.2004.00360.x

Butler N, 2013, Institute of Education. Centre for Longitudinal Studies 1970, 2013 if correct. British Cohort Study: Ten‐Year Follow‐Up, 1980 [computer file]

BynnerJ ButlerN FerriE ShepherdP SmithK.2000.The design and conduct of the 1999–2000 surveys of the National Child Development Study and the 1970 British Cohort Study.CLS Cohort Studies Working Paper 1 Centre for Longitudinal Studies Institute of Education University of London.

Carneiro P, 2007, Practice Makes Perfect: The Importance of Practical Learning, 22

10.1016/j.jeconom.2009.09.023

Chamberlain R, 2013, 1970 British Cohort Study: Birth and 22‐Month Subsample, 1970–1972 computer file]

10.1176/ajp.126.6.884

ContiG HeckmanJJ LopesHF PiatekR.2011.Constructing economically justified aggregates: an application of the early origins of health. Working paper Department of Economics University of Chicago.

DeardenL.1999.Qualifications and earnings in Britain: how reliable are conventional OLS estimates of the returns to education?Working paper Institute for Fiscal Studies London.

ElliotC MurrayDJ PearsonJ.1978.British ability scales; Manual 3: directions for administration and scoring; and Manual 4: tables of abilities and norms.Technical report National Foundation for Educational Research in England and Wales Windsor UK.

FeinsteinL.2000.The relative economic importance of academic psychological and behavioural attributes developed on childhood.Discussion Paper CEPDP 443 Centre for Economic Performance London School of Economics and Political Science.

Flossmann A, 2006, Causal returns to education: a survey in empirical evidence for Germany, Journal of Economics and Statistics, 226, 6

10.1111/j.0950-0804.2004.00001.x

GammageP.1975.Socialization schooling and locus of control: technical report. PhD thesis University of Bristol.

10.1111/1467-6419.00191

10.1111/j.1468-0106.2004.00242.x

10.1086/504455

10.1016/S1573-4412(07)06070-9

10.1016/j.labeco.2009.06.001

10.1023/A:1020371312283

10.1002/0470090456.ch7

10.1198/016214504000001187

10.1093/biomet/87.3.706

10.1162/003465304323023651

10.3982/ECTA7372

Lawrence D, 1973, Improved Reading through Counselling

Lawrence D, 1996, Enhancing Self‐Esteem in the Classroom

10.1007/978-3-642-57615-7_3

10.1162/003465302317411488

10.1016/j.ssresearch.2007.01.001

PohlmeierW PfeifferF.2004.Returns to education and individual heterogeneity ZEW Discussion Papers 04‐34 Zentrum für Europäische Wirtschaftsforschung/Center for European Economic Research.

10.1002/(SICI)1097-0258(19970215)16:3<285::AID-SIM535>3.0.CO;2-#

10.1080/01621459.1995.10476494

10.1080/01621459.1995.10476493

10.1037/h0092976

10.1037/h0037350

10.1111/j.1469-7610.1967.tb02175.x

Rutter M, 1970, Education, Health and Behaviour

10.1198/016214506000000023

10.1198/016214505000001366

10.1093/biomet/asq035

10.1007/s00787-003-0324-4

University of London. Institute of Education. Centre for Longitudinal Studies, 2013, 1970 British Cohort Study: Twenty‐Nine‐Year Follow‐Up, 1999‐2000 [computer file]

10.1016/j.joep.2011.03.008

Wooldridge JM, 2002, Econometric Analysis of Cross Section and Panel Data

10.1016/j.jeconom.2007.02.002