Does Firm Agglomeration Matter to Labor and Education of Local Children? Evidence in Vietnam
Tóm tắt
The firm agglomeration is often mentioned as an important factor for local economic growth. However, it is little known about whether the firm agglomeration can bring direct benefits for local children. In this paper, we attempt to examine the effects of the firm agglomeration on education and labor of local children in Vietnam. The firm agglomeration is measured by the firm revenue per capita at the district level. Although the firm agglomeration does not have significant effects on school enrolment, our study finds that firm agglomeration helps children improve the school quality (which is measured by the number of completed school grades). The firm agglomeration also reduces the probability to work for children. Interestingly, we find that firm agglomeration has a larger effect on girls than boys, and on disadvantageous groups of children such as rural, ethnic minorities, and those having lower education parents.
Tài liệu tham khảo
ADB. (2007). Agricultural land conversion for industrial and commercial use: Competing interests of the poor. In ADB (Ed.), Markets and development bulletin (pp. 85–93). Vietnam: Asian Development Bank.
Allen, R. (2009). The British industrial revolution in global perspective. Cambridge University Press.
Andvig, J.C., Canagarajah, S., & Kielland, A. (2001). Issues in child labor in Africa. World Bank Working Paper Series September 2001. Washington D.C: World Bank.
Angrist, D. J. (2001). Estimation of limited dependent variable models with dummy endogenous regressors: simple strategies for empirical practice. Journal of Business & Economic Statistics, 29(1), 1–28.
Angrist, D. J., & Krueger, A. B. (2001). Instrumental variables and the search for identification: from supply and demand to natural experiments. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 15(4), 69–85.
Angrist D. J. & Pischke JS (2009). Mostly harmless econometrics: an empiricist’s companion. Princeton University Press.
Ayyagari, M., Demirgüç-Kunt, A., & Maksimovic, V. (2011). Small and young firms across the world: Contribution to employment, job creation, and growth. World Bank Policy Research Working Paper No. 5631. Washington, D.C: World Bank.
Bachman, S. L. (2000). The political economy of child labor and its impacts on international business. Business Economics, 35(3), 30–41.
Bairoch, P. (1988). Cities and economic development: from the dawn of history to the present, the University of Chicago Press.
Barufi, A.M.B. (2014). Agglomeration economies in the Brazilian formal labor market. University of São Paulo TD Nereus 03–2014.
Basu, K., Das, S., & Dutta, B. (2010). Child labor and household wealth: theory and empirical evidence of an inverted U. Journal of Development Economics, 91(1), 8–14.
Becker, G. S. (1965). A theory of the allocation of time. Economic Journal, 75, 493–517.
Becker, G., & Tomes, N. (1976). Child endowments and the quantity and quality of children. Journal of Political Economy, 84, 398–419.
Beegle, K., Dehejia, R., & Gatti, R. (2005). Why should we care about child labor? the education, labor market, and health consequences of child labor. World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 3479. Washington D.C: World Bank.
Beegle, K., Dehejia, R., Gatti, R., & Krutikova, S. (2008). The consequences of child labor: evidence from longitudinal data in rural Tanzania. World Bank Policy Research Working Paper WPS4677. Washington D.C: World Bank.
Behrman, J. R., Foster, A. D., Rosenzweig, M. R., & Vashishtha, P. (1999). Women’s schooling, home teaching, and economic growth. The Journal of Political Economy, 107(4), 682–714.
Bhalotra, S. (2003). Child Labor in Africa. OECD Social, employment and migration Working Papers DELSA/ELSA/WD/SEM (2003)4. Paris: OECD.
Black, S. I., Devereux, P. J., & Salvanes, K. G. (2005). The more the merrier? the effect of family size and birth order on children’s education. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 120(2), 669–700.
Brown, D.K., Deardorff, A., & Stern R.M. (2002). The determinants of child labor: Theory and evidence. School of Public Policy Discussion Paper No. 486, University of Michigan.
Bryk, S. W., & Raudenbush, A. S. (2002). Hierarchical linear models: applications and data analysis methods. London: SAGE Publications Ltd.
Cali, M. & Menon C. (2009). Does urbanisation affect rural poverty? Evidence from Indian districts. World Bank Working Paper WPS6338. Washington D.C: World Bank.
Cavaliere, A., & Scabrosetti, S. (2008). Privatization and efficiency: from principals and agents to political economy. Journal of Economic Surveys, 22(4), 685–710.
Chisari, O., Estache, A., & Romero, C. (1999). Winners and losers from the privatization and regulation of utilities: lessons from a general equilibrium model of Argentina. The World Bank Economic Review, 13(2), 357–378.
Cigno, A., Rosati, F.C., and Tzannatos, Z. (2001). Child labor, nutrition and education in rural India: An economic analysis of parental choice and policy options. World Bank Social Protection Discussion Paper Series No.0131. Washington D.C: World Bank.
Cook, P., & Nixson, F. (2005). Finance and small and medium-sized enterprise development. In C. J. Green, C. H. Kirkpatrick, & V. Murinde (Eds.), Finance and development: Surveys of theory, evidence and policy. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.
Dang, Q.V., Do, T.T., Nguyen, V.C., Phung, T.T., & Phung, D.T. (2013). Achievements and challenges in the progress of reaching millennium development goals of Vietnam. University Library of Munich Working Paper No. 54207.
Deb, P., & Rosati, F. (2004). Determinants of child labor and school attendance: The role of household unobservables, Retrieved on 20 November 2015 from http://econ.hunter.cuny.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/6/RePEc/papers/HunterEconWP02-9.pdf.
Duranton, G. (2012). Agglomeration and jobs in developing countries. Canada: Department of Economics, University of Toronto.
Edmonds, E.V. (2003). Child labor in South Asia. OECD Social, Employment and Migration Working Papers DELSA/ELSA/WD/SEM(2003)5. Paris: OECD.
Edmonds, E. (2008). Child labor. In T. P. Schultz & J. Strauss (Eds.), Handbook of development economics (Vol. 4). Amsterdam: Elsevier Science.
Edmonds, E., & Turk, C. (2004). Child labor in transition. In P. Glewwe, N. Agrawal, & D. Dollar (Eds.), Economic growth, poverty and household welfare: Policy lessons from viet Nam. Washington D.C: World Bank.
Ellison, G., & Glaeser, E. (1997). Geographic concentration in U.S. Manufacturing industries: a dartboard approach. Journal of Political Economy, 105(5), 889–927.
Ellison, G., & Glaeser, E. (1999). The geographic concentration of industry: does natural advantage explain agglomeration? The American Economic Review, 89(2), 311–316.
Filho de Carvalho I.E. (2008). Household income as a determinant of child labor and school enrollment in Brazil: Evidence From A Social Security Reform. IMF Working Papers No. WP/08/241. Washington D.C: IMF
Fingleton, B., & Longhi, S. (2011). The effects of agglomeration on wages: evidence from the micro-level. Journal of Regional Science, 53(3), 443–463.
Fujita, M., Krugman, P. R., & Venables, A. J. (1999). The spatial economy: cities, regions and international trade. Cambridge: MIT Press.
Glaeser, E. (2010). Agglomeration Economics, The University of Chicago Press.
Gohou, G., & Soumaré, I. (2009). Impact of FDI on poverty reduction in Africa: Are there regional differences? Paper presented at the African Economic Conference 2009: Fostering Development in an Era of Financial and Economic Crises.
Haggblade, S., Hazell, P., & Reardon, T. (2010). The rural Non-farm economy: prospects for growth and poverty reduction. World Development, 38(10), 1429–1441.
Heckman J, R Lalonde, Smith J. (1999). The economics and econometrics of active labor market programs. Handbook of Labor Economics 1999; Volume 3, In A. Ashenfelter & D. Card (eds.), Elsevier Science.
Kiros, G. E., & White, M. J. (2004). Migration, community context, and child immunization in Ethiopia. Social Science & Medicine, 59(12), 2603–2616.
Klump, R. (2007). Pro-poor growth in Vietnam: miracle or model? In T. Besley & L. J. Cord (Eds.), Delivering on the promise of pro-poor growth: Insights and lessons from country experiences. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Krutikova, S. (2009). Determinants of child labor: the case of Andhra Pradesh. Young Lives Working Paper No. 48, May 2009. Department of International Development and University of Oxford.
Lyle, D. (2006). Using military deployments and job assignments to estimate the effect of parental absences and household relocations on children’s academic achievement. Journal of Labor Economics, 24(2), 319–350.
Marshall, A. (1890). Principles of economics (8th edition, 1920). London: Macmillan.
McKenzie, D. & Rapoport, H. (2006). Can migration reduce educational attainment?: evidence from mexico. World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 3952. Washington, D. C: World Bank
McKenzie, D. & Sasin, M. (2007). Migration, Remittances, Poverty, and Human Capital: Conceptual and Empirical Challenges. World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 4272. Washington, D. C: World Bank.
Megginson, W. L., & Netter, J. M. (2001). From state to market: a survey of empirical studies on privatization. Journal of Economic Literature, 39(2), 321–389.
Mike, I.O., Nakajjo, A., & Isoke, D. (2008). Socioeconomic determinants of primary school dropout: The logistic model analysis. Economic Policy Research Centre (EPRC) Research Series No. 54, February 2008. Kampala, Uganda: EPRC.
Mitra, A. (2014). Agglomeration economies and well-being: evidence from India. Athens Journal of Health, 2014, 23–36.
Mont, D., & Nguyen, C. (2013). Does parental disability matter to child education? Evidence from Vietnam. World Development, 48(C), 88–107.
Newmayer, E., & Soysa, I. (2005). Trade openess, foreign direct investment and child labor. World Development, 33(1), 43–63.
Nguyen, C. (2016). Does parental migration really benefit left-behind children? Comparative evidence from Ethiopia, India, Peru and Vietnam. Social Science & Medicine, 153, 230–239.
Nguyen, C., & Nguyen, H. (2015). Do internal and international remittances matter to health, education and labor of children and adolescents? The case of Vietnam. Children and Youth Services Review, 58(November), 28–34.
Niu, Y., Ding, C., & Gerrit, J. K. (2013). Employment centers and agglomeration economies: foundations of a spatial economic development strategy. Economic Development Quarterly. doi:10.1177/0891242414560813. Advance Online Publication December December 5, 2014.
O’Sullivan, A. (2005). Where do Firms Locate?. McGraw-Hill/Irwin.
Pham, Q.N., Trung, L.D., Thu, T.T.A., Tuan, D.A., Mai, N.P., & Lien, L.H. (2010). Privatization and poverty reduction in Vietnam optimal choices and its potential impacts. Paper presented at the 8th PEP General Meeting, Dakar, Senegal.
Quigley, J.M. (2008). Urbanization, agglomeration, and economic development. World Bank Commission on Growth and Development Working Paper No. 19. Washington, D. C: World Bank.
Rosati, F. C., & Tzannatos, Z. (2006). Child labor in Vietnam: an economic analysis. Pacific Economic Review, 11(1), 1–31.
Shleifer, A., & Vishny, R. W. (1994). Politicians and firms. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 109(4), 995–1025.
Tansel, A. (1997). Schooling attainment, parental education, and gender in Côte d’Ivoire and Ghana. Economic Development and Cultural Change, 45(4), 825–856.
Tran, T. (2014). A review on the link between nonfarm employment, land and rural livelihoods in developing countries and Vietnam. Ekonomski Horizonti, 16(2), 113–123.
Wang, S. (2011). The Effect of parental migration on the educational attainment of their left-behind children in rural China. The B.E Journal of Economic Analysis & Policy, 14(3), 1037–1080.
Williamson, J. (1990). Coping with city growth during the British industrial revolution. Cambridge University Press.
Wooldridge, J. M. (2010). Econometric analysis of cross section and panel data. Cambridge: The MIT Press.