Đa dạng và chức năng của nấm vi mô: một thành phần thiếu sót trong mạng lưới thức ăn pelagic

Schweizerische Zeitschrift für Hydrologie - Tập 72 - Trang 255-268 - 2010
Marlène Jobard1, Serena Rasconi1, Télesphore Sime-Ngando1
1Laboratoire Microorganismes: Génome et Environnement (LMGE), UMR CNRS 6023, Université Blaise Pascal, Clermont-Ferrand II, Aubière Cedex, France

Tóm tắt

Nấm là một nhóm sinh vật vô cùng phức tạp thuộc vương quốc Eumycota (tức là nấm thực thụ) và các sinh vật giống nấm khác, thường được các nhà nấm học nghiên cứu, chẳng hạn như nấm nhầy (Myxomycota) và nấm ôm (Oomycota hay Straminopiles hoặc Heterokonts). Chúng cấu thành một tỷ lệ đáng kể của các sinh vật chưa được khám phá, rất quan trọng trong các quá trình sinh thái và sự phát triển của con người, thông qua ít nhất ba cách chế độ dinh dưỡng chính: ăn xác, kẻ ký sinh hoặc cộng sinh. Ngoài lợi ích trực tiếp (nguồn kháng sinh) hoặc tác động tiêu cực (nguyên nhân bệnh tật), nấm có thể ảnh hưởng đến nhiều quá trình môi trường, đặc biệt là những quá trình liên quan đến sự phân hủy chất hữu cơ. Chúng có mặt ở hầu hết tất cả các vùng và khí hậu, thậm chí dưới những điều kiện khắc nghiệt. Tuy nhiên, các nghiên cứu chủ yếu tập trung vào các loài có lợi ích kinh tế, và kiến thức về sự đa dạng và chức năng của chúng chủ yếu bị giới hạn ở đất, vùng rễ, rừng ngập mặn và hệ sinh thái nước chảy. Trong nghiên cứu này, chúng tôi xem xét sự đa dạng và tiềm năng chức năng của nấm vi mô trong các hệ sinh thái thủy sinh, tập trung vào môi trường pelagic nơi chúng thường được coi là vật liệu ngoại lai, có ý nghĩa sinh thái thấp đối với các quá trình mạng lưới thức ăn. Các khảo sát môi trường gần đây về 18S rDNA của các eukaryote vi sinh vật đã (1) tiết lộ một kho tàng lớn sự đa dạng nấm bất ngờ trong các hệ thống pelagic, (2) nhấn mạnh tiềm năng sinh thái của chúng cho chức năng hệ sinh thái, và (3) mở ra những góc nhìn mới trong bối cảnh động lực mạng lưới thức ăn. Mặc dù các khó khăn phương pháp vẫn tồn tại, chúng tôi kết luận rằng việc ghi chép tốt hơn về sự đa dạng và tầm quan trọng định lượng và chức năng của nấm sẽ cải thiện hiểu biết của chúng ta về các quá trình pelagic và chu trình biogeochemical.

Từ khóa

#nấm vi mô #hệ sinh thái thủy sinh #mạng lưới thức ăn pelagic #đa dạng sinh học #chức năng sinh thái

Tài liệu tham khảo

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