Dissociative Experience and Cultural Neuroscience: Narrative, Metaphor and Mechanism

Aderibigbe, Y.A., R.M. Bloch, and W.R. Walker 2001 Prevalence of Depersonalization and Derealization Experiences in a Rural Population. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology 36(2): 63–69.

Acocella, J. 1999 Creating Hysteria: Women and Multiple Personality Disorder. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

Arnold, D., et al. 2005 Vicarious Posttraumatic Growth in Psychotherapy. Journal of Humanistic Psychology 45(2): 239–263.

Athwal, B., et al. 2000 Imaging Hysterical Paralysis. In Contemporary Approaches to the Study of Hysteria. P. Halligan, C. Bass, and J. Marshall, eds., pp. 216–234. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Baker, D., et al. 2003 Depersonalization Disorder: Clinical Features of 204 Cases. British Journal of Psychiatry 182: 428–433.

Baldwin, Scott, Daniel Williams, and A. Houts 2004 The Creation, Expansion, and Embodiment of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: A Case Study in Historical Critical Psychopathology. Scientific Review of Mental Health Practice 3(1): 33–52.

Baranowsky, Anna, et al. 1998 PTSD Transmission: a Review of Secondary Traumatization in Holocaust Survivor Families. Canadian Psychology 39(4): 247–256.

Bateson, Gregory 1975 Some Components of Socialization for Trance. Ethos 3: 143–155.

Bateson, Gregory 2000 (1973) Steps to an Ecology of Mind. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Becker-Blease, K., J. Freyd, and K. Pears 2004 Preschoolers’ Memory for Threatening Information Depends on Trauma History and Attentional Context: Implications for the Development of Dissociation. Journal of Trauma and Dissociation 5(1): 113–131.

Belo, Jane 1960 Trance in Bali. New York: Columbia University Press.

Birmes, P., et al. 2003 The Predictive Power of Peritraumatic Dissociation and Acute Stress Symptoms for Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms. American Journal of Psychiatry 160(7): 1337–1339.

Bliss, E. 1980 Multiple Personalities: a Report of 14 Cases with Implications for Schizophrenia and Hysteria. Archives of General Psychiatry 37: 1388–1397.

Bliss, E. 1984 Spontaneous Self-hypnosis in Multiple Personality Disorder. Psychiatric Clinics of North America 7: 171–193.

Boddy, Janice 1988 Spirits and Selves in Northern Sudan: The Cultural Therapeutics of Possession and Trance. American Ethnologist 15(1): 4–27.

Boddy, Janice 1993 Subversive Kinship: The Role of Spirit Possession in Negotiation Social Place in Rural Northern Sudan. PoLAR: Political and Legal Anthropology Review 16(2): 29–38.

Bowers, K. 1991 Dissociation in Hypnosis and Multiple Personality Disorder. International Journal of Clinical Experimental Hypnosis 39(3): 155–176.

Bremner, J. 1999 Acute and Chronic Responses to Psychological Trauma: Where do we go from Here? American Journal of Psychiatry 156: 349–351.

Bremner, J., et al. 1996 Neural Mechanisms in Dissociative Amnesia for Childhood Abuse: Relevance to the Current Controversy Surrounding the “False Memory Syndrome”. American Journal of Psychiatry 153: 71–82.

Bremner, J., et al. 1997 Magnetic Resonance Imaging-based Measurement of Hippocampal Volume in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Related to Childhood Physical and Sexual Abuse—a Preliminary Report. Biological Psychiatry 41: 23–32.

Breslau, J. 2004 Cultures of Trauma: Anthropological Views of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. Culture, Medicine, and Psychiatry 28: 113–126.

Briere, J. 2006 Dissociative Symptoms and Trauma Exposure: Specificity, Affect Dysregulation, and Posttraumatic Stress. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 194(2): 78–82.

Briere, J., C. Scott, and F. Weathers 2005 Peritraumatic and Persistent Dissociation in the Presumed Etiology of PTSD. American Journal of Psychiatry 162(12): 2295–2301.

Bruner, Jerome 1996 A Narrative Model of Self Construction. Psyke and Logos 17(1): 154–170.

Butler, L. 2006 Normative Dissociation. Psychiatric Clinics of North America 29: 45–62.

Butler, L., et al. 1996 Hypnotizability and Traumatic Experience: a Diathesis-stress Model of Dissociative Symptomatology. American Journal of Psychiatry 153(7S): 42–63.

Butler, L., and O. Palesh 2004 Spellbound: Dissociation in the Movies. Journal of Trauma and Dissociation 5: 63–88.

Candel, I., and H. Merckelbach 2004 Peritraumatic Dissociation as a Predictor of Post-traumatic Stress Disorder: a Critical Review. Comprehensive Psychiatry 45(1): 44–50.

Canfield, J. 2005 Secondary Traumatization, Burnout, and Vicarious Traumatization: A Review of the Literature as it Relates to Therapists who Treat Trauma. Smith College Studies in Social Work 75(2): 81–101.

Castillo, R.J. 1994a Spirit Possession in South Asia, Dissociation or Hysteria? Part 1: Theoretical Background. Culture, Medicine and Psychiatry 18(1): 1–21.

Castillo, R.J. 1994b Spirit Possession in South Asia, Dissociation or Hysteria? Part 2: Case Histories. Culture, Medicine and Psychiatry 18(2): 141–162.

Chaves, J.F. 1997 The State of the “State” Debate in Hypnosis: a View from the Cognitive-Behavioral Perspective. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis 45(3): 251–265.

Chu, J.A., and D.L. Dill 1990 Dissociative Symptoms in Relations to Childhood Physical and Sexual Abuse. American Journal of Psychiatry 147: 887–892.

Collins, F., and C. French 1998 Dissociation, Coping Strategies and Locus of Control in a Non-clinical Population: Clinical Implications. Australian Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis 26(2): 113–126.

Coons, P.M., et al. 1989 Post-traumatic Aspects of the Treatment of Victims of Sexual Abuse and Incest. Psychiatric Clinics of North America 12(2): 325–335.

Csikszentmihalyi, M. 1978 Attention and the Holistic Approach to Behavior. In The Stream of Consciousness—Scientific Investigations into the Flow of Human Experience. K. Pope and J. Singer, eds., pp. 335–358. New York: Plenum Press.

Csikszentmihalyi, M. 1996 Creativity: Flow and the Psychology of Discovery and Invention. New York: Harper Perennial.

Damasio, A. 1994 Descartes’ Error: Emotion, Reason, and the Human Brain. New York: Putnam Books.

Delahanty, D., et al. 2003 Peritraumatic Dissociation is Inversely Related to Catecholamine Levels in Initial Urine Samples of Motor Vehicle Accident Victims. Journal of Trauma and Dissociation 4(1): 65–80.

Egner, T., G. Jamieson, and J. Gruzelier 2005 Hypnosis Decouples Cognitive Control from Conflict Monitoring Processes of the Frontal Lobe. Neuroimage 27(4): 969–978.

Ewing, K. 1990 The Illusion of Wholeness: Culture, Self, and the Experience of Inconsistency. Ethos 18(3):251–278.

Foa, E., and D. Hearst-Ikeda 1996 Emotional Dissociation in Response to Trauma. In Handbook of Dissociation. L. Michelson and W. Ray, eds. New York: Plenum Press.

Gaines, Atwood D. 1992 From DSM I to III-R; Vocies of Self, Mastery and the Other: A Cultural Constructivist Reading of the U.S. Psychiatric Classification. Social Science and Medicine 35(1): 3–24.

Geertz, Clifford 1983 From the Native’s Point of View: On the Nature of Anthropological Understanding. In Local Knowledge. C. Geertz, ed., pp. 55–70. New York: Basic Books.

Georges, E. 2002 A Cultural and Historical Perspective on Confession. In Emotion, Disclosure, and Health. J. Pennebaker, ed., Washington: American Psychological Association.

Giambra, L. 1999 Frequency and Intensity of Daydreaming: Age Changes and Age Differences from Late Adolescent to the Old-old. Imagination, Cognition, Personality 19(229–267).

Goodwin, J., and R. Sachs 1996 Child Abuse in the Etiology of Dissociative Disorders. In Handbook of Dissociation. L. Michelson and W. Ray, eds. New York: Plenum Press.

Gregg, J. 2003 Virtually Virgins: Sexual Strategies and Cervical Cancer in Recife, Brazil. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.

Griffin, M., P. Resick, and M. Mechanic 1997 Objective Assessment of Peritraumatic Dissociation: Psychophysiological Indicators. American Journal of Psychiatry 154(8): 1081–1088.

Gruzelier, J.H., and T.D. Brow 1985 Psychophysiological Evidence for a State Theory of Hypnosis. Journal of Psychosomatic Research 29(3): 287–302.

Hacking, I. 1995 Rewriting the Soul: Multiple Personality and the Science of Memory. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

Hacking, I. 1998 Mad Travelers: Reflections on the Reality of a Transient Mental Illness. London: Free Association Books.

Halligan, P., et al. 2000 Imaging Hypnotic Paralysis: Implication for Conversion Hysteria. The Lancet 355: 986–987.

Hilgard, E. 1969 Altered States of Awareness. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 149(1): 68–79.

Hilgard, E. 1973 The Domain of Hypnosis: With Some Comments on Alternative Paradigms. American Psychologist 28(11): 972–982.

Hilgard, E. 1986 Divided Consciousness: Multiple Controls in Human Thought and Action. New York: Wiley.

Hollan, D. 2000a Culture and Dissociation in Toraja. Transcultural Psychiatry 37(4): 545–559.

Hollan, D. 2000b Constructivist Models of Mind, Contemporary Psychoanalysis, and the Development of Culture Theory. American Anthropologist 102(3): 538–550.

Hovens, J., and G. van der Ploeg 2002 How Psychological Trauma Invaded Ordinary Life. Tijdschrift voor Psychiatrie 44(12): 803–811.

Hunter, E.C., M. Sierra, and A.S. David 2004 The Epidemiology of Depersonalisation and Derealisation. A Systematic Review. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology 39(1): 9–18.

Kalin, N.H., et al. 2005 Brain Regions Associated with the Expression and Contextual Regulation of Anxiety in Primates. Biological Psychiatry 58(10): 796–804.

Kidron, Carol 2004 Surviving a Distant Past: A Case Study of the Cultural Construction of Trauma Descendant Identity. Ethos 31(4): 513–544.

Kihlstrom, J. 2005 Dissociative Disorders. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology 1: 227–253.

Kirby, J.S. et al. 1993 Correlates of Dissociative Symptomatology in Patients with Physical and Sexual Abuse Histories. Comprehensive Psychiatry 34(4): 258–263.

Kirsch I., and Lynn, S.J. 1998 Dissociation Theories of Hypnosis. Psychological Bulletin 123(1): 110–115.

Kirmayer, L.J. 1992 Social Constructions of Hypnosis. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis 40(4): 276–300.

Kirmayer, L.J. 1994 Pacing the Void: Social and Cultural Dimensions of Dissociation. In Dissociation: Culture, Mind, and Body. D. Spiegel, ed., Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press.

Kirmayer, L.J. 1996 Landscapes of Memory: Trauma, Narrative and Dissociation. In Tense Past: Cultural Essays on Memory and Trauma. P. Antze and M. Lambek, eds., pp. 173–198. London: Routledge.

Kirmayer, L.J. 2000 Broken Narratives: Clinical Encounters and the Poetics of Illness Experience. In Narrative and the Cultural Construction of Illness and Healing. C. Mattingly and L. Garro, eds., pp. 153–180. Berkeley: University of California Press.

Kirmayer, L.J. 2004 The Cultural Diversity of Healing; Meaning, Metaphor and Mechanism. British Medical Bulletin 69(1): 33–48.

Kirmayer, L.J. 2006 Toward a Medicine of the Imagination. New Literary History 37: 583–605.

Kirmayer, L.J. 2007 Psychotherapy and the Cultural Concept of the Person. Transcultural Psychiatry 44(2): 232–257.

Kirmayer, L.J., D. Groleau, J. Guzder, C. Blake, and E. Jarvis 2003 Cultural consultation: A model of mental health service for multicultural societies. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry 48(2):145–153.

Kirmayer, L.J., and R. Santhanam 2001 The Anthropology of Hysteria. In Contemporary Approaches to the Study of Hysteria: Clinical and Theoretical Perspectives. P. Halligan, C. Bass, and J. Marshall, eds., pp. 251–270. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Klinger, E. 1978 Modes of Normal Conscious Flow. In The Stream of Consciousness—Scientific Investigations into the Normal Flow of Human Experience. K. Pope and J. Singer, eds. New York: Plenum Press.

Klinger, E. 1990 Daydreaming. Los Angeles: Jeremy P. Tarcher.

Kluft, R. 1996 Dissociative Identity Disorder. In Handbook of Dissociation: Theoretical, Empirical, and Clinical Perspectives. L. Michelson and W. Ray, eds., pp. 337–366. New York: Plenum Press.

Kluft, R., ed. 1984 Multiple Personality Disorder. Thorofare, NJ: Slack, Inc.

Koopman, C., et al. 2004 Relationships of Dissociation and Childhood Abuse and Neglect with Heart Rate in Delinquent Adolescents. Journal of Traumatic Stress 17(1): 47–54.

Koopman, C., C. Classen, and D. Spiegel 1994 Predictors of Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms among Survivors of the Oakland/Berkeley, Calif. Firestorm. American Journal of Psychiatry 151: 888–894.

Krystal, J.H., J.D. Bremner, S.M. Southwick, and D.S. Charney 1998 The Emerging Neurobiology of Dissociation: Implications for Treatment of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. In Trauma, Memory, and Dissociation. J.D. Bremner, and C.R. Marmar, eds., pp. 321–363. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press.

Lambek, M. 1981 Human Spirits: A Cultural Account of Trance in Mayotte. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Lamius, R., et al. 2002 Brain Activation During Script-driven Imagery Induced Dissociative Responses in PTSD: a Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Investigation. Biological Psychiatry 52: 305–311.

Leventhal, Howard, Ellen L. Idler, and Elaine A. Leventhal 1999 The Impact of Chronic Illness on the Self System. In Self, Social Identity, and Physical Health. Richard D. Ashmore, and Richard J. Contrada, eds. New York: Oxford University Press.

Lex, B. 1979 Neurobiology of Ritual Trance. In The Spectrum of Ritual: A Biogenetic Structural Analysis. New York: Columbia University Press.

Lynn, C. 2005 Adaptive and Maladaptive Dissociation: An Epidemiological and Anthropological Comparison and Proposition for an Expanded Dissociation Model. Anthropology of Consciousness 16(2): 16–50.

Littlewood, Roland 1996 Reason and Necessity in the Specification of the Multiple Self: Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland.

Lynn, S. J., and J.W. Rhue 1986 The Fantasy-prone Person: Hypnosis, Imagination, and Creativity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 51(2): 404–408.

Marmar, C.R., et al. 1994 Peritraumatic Dissociation and Posttraumatic Stress in Male Vietnam Theater Veterans. American Journal of Psychiatry 151: 902–907.

Martinez-Taboas, A., and G. Bernal 2000 Dissociation, Psychopathology, and Abusive Experiences in a Non-clinical Latino University Student Group. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology 6(1): 32–41.

McKinney, K.A. 2007 Breaking the Conspiracy of Silence: Testimony, Traumatic Memory, and Psychotherapy with Survivors of Political Violence. Ethos 35(3): 265–299.

McNally, R. 2004 Traumatic Amnesia Revisited: A Reply to Brewin and Taylor. Cognitive Behavior Therapy 33(2):109–111.

McNalley, R.J., and S.A. Clancy 2005 Sleep Paralysis, Sexual Abuse, and Space Alien Abduction. Transcultural Psychiatry 42(1): 113–122.

Medford, N., et al. 2005 Understanding and Treating Depersonalization Disorder. Advances in Psychiatric Treatment 11: 92–100.

Merckelbach, H., P. Muris, and E. Rassin 1999 Fantasy Proneness and Cognitive Failures as Correlates of Dissociative Experiences. Personality and Individual Differences 26(5):961–967.

Mulder, R., et al. 1998 Relationship Between Dissociation, Childhood Sexual Abuse, Childhood Physical Abuse, and Mental Illness in a General Population Sample. American Journal of Psychiatry 155: 806–811.

Nijenhuis, E. 2004 Somatoform Dissociation: Phenomena, Measurement, and Theoretical Issues. New York: W.W. Norton and Co.

Nijenhuis, E., J. Vanderlinden, and P. Spinhoven 1998 Animal Defensive Reactions as a Model for Trauma-Induced Dissociative Reactions. Journal of Traumatic Stress 11(2):243–260.

Oakley, D. 2001 Hypnosis and Suggestion in the Treatment of Hysteria. In Contemporary Approaches to the Study of Hysteria. C.B.P.W. Halligan and J.C. Marshall, eds., pp. 312–329. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Ogata, S.N., et al. 1990 Childhood Sexual and Physical Abuse in Adult Patients with Borderline Personality Disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry 147: 1008–1013.

Ogawa, J., et al. 1997 Development and the Fragmented Self: Longitudinal Study of Dissociative Symptomatology in a Nonclinical Sample. Development and Psychopathology 9: 855–879.

Ong, A. 1987 Spirits of Resistance and Capitalist Discipline: Factory Women in Malaysia. Albany: State University of New York Press.

Ozer, E., et al. 2003 Predictors of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Symptoms in Adults: A Meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin 129(1): 52–73.

Pennebaker, James 1989 Confession, Inhibition, and Disease. In Advances in Experimental Social Psychology. L. Berkowitz, ed., pp. 211–244. New York: Academic Press.

Pennebaker, J. and K. Keough 1999 Revealing, Organizing, and Reorganizing the Self in Response to Stress and Emotion. In Self, Social Identity, and Physical Health. R.D. Ashmore and R.J. Contrada, eds., New York: Oxford University Press.

Pennebaker, James, ed. 1995 Emotion, Disclosure and Health. Washington: American Psychological Association.

Prince, R. 1982 Shamanism and Endorphins: Hypotheses for a Synthesis. Ethos 10:409–425.

Phillips, M., et al. 2001 Depersonalization Disorder: Thinking Without Feeling. Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging 108(3): 145–160.

Piaget, J. 1995 The Essential Piaget. New York: Jason A. Aronson.

Pica, M., and D. Beere 1995 Dissociation During Positive Situations. Dissociation 8: 241–246.

Porges, S.W. 2003 Social Engagement and Attachment: a Phylogenetic Perspective. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1008: 31–47.

Pupavac, V. 2002 Therapeutising Refugees, Pathologizing Populations: International Psychosocial Programmes in Kosovo. Working paper no. 59. In New Issues in Refugee Research. Geneva: UNHCR Evaluation and Policy Analysis Unit.

Putnam, F. 1989 Pierre Janet and Modern Views of Dissociation. Journal of Traumatic Stress 2(4): 413–429.

Rauschenberger, S.L., and S.J. Lynn 1995 Fantasy Proneness, DSM-III-R Axis I Psychopathology, and Dissociation. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 104(2): 373–380.

Ray, W. 1996 Dissociation in Normal Populations. In Handbook of Dissociation. L. Michelson and W. Ray, eds. New York: Plenum Press.

Raz, A. 2005 Attention and Hypnosis: Neural Substrates and Genetic Associations of Two Converging Processes. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis 53(3): 237–258.

Raz, A., J. Fan, and M.I. Posner 2005 Hypnotic Suggestion Reduces Conflict in the Human Brain. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science USA 102(28): 9978–9983.

Raz, A., and T. Shapiro 2002 Hypnosis and Neuroscience: a Cross Talk Between Clinical and Cognitive Research. Archives of General Psychiatry 59(1): 85–90.

Reyes-Perez, C., A. Martinez-Taboas, and D. Ledesma-Amador 2005 Dissociative Experiences in Children with Abuse Histories; a Replication in Puerto Rico. Journal of Trauma and Dissociation 6(1): 99–112.

Rhue, J.W., and S.J. Lynn 1987 Fantasy Proneness and Psychopathology. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 53(2): 327–336.

Ross, C., A. Joshi, and R. Currie 1990 Dissociative Experiences in the General Population. American Journal of Psychiatry 147: 1547–1552.

Ross, C., S. Joshi, and R. Currie 1991 Dissociative Experiences in the General Population: A Factor Analysis. Hospital Community Psychiatry 42: 297–301.

Sanders, B., and M.H. Giolas 1991 Dissociation and Childhood Trauma in Psychologically Disturbed Adolescents. The American Journal of Psychiatry 148(50–54).

Sapolsky, R. 1996 Why Stress is Bad for Your Brain. Science 273: 749–750.

Scott, W.J. 1990 PTSD in DSM-III: a Case in the Politics of Diagnosis and Disease. Social Problems 37(3): 294–310.

Seligman, R. 2005a Distress, Dissociation, and Embodied Experience: Reconsidering the Pathways to Mediumship and Mental Health. Ethos 33(1): 71–99.

Seligman, R. 2005b From Affliction to Affirmation: Narrative Transformation and the Therapeutics of Candomblé Mediumship. Transcultural Psychiatry 42(2): 272–294.

Seligman, R. n.d. The Making and Unmaking of Self: Phenomenology, Mental health, and the Case of Brazilian Candomblé. Ms.

Shweder, R., and E. Bourne 1984 Does the Concept of the Person Vary Cross-Culturally? In Culture Theory. R. Shweder and R. LeVine, eds. pp. 158–199. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Sierra, M., and G.E. Berrios 1998 Depersonalization: Neurobiological Perspectives. Biological Psychiatry 44: 898–908.

Sierra, M., and G.E. Berrios 2000 Conversion Hysteria: the Relevance of Attentional Awareness. In Contemporary Approaches to the Study of Hysteria. P. Halligan, C. Bass, and J. Marshall, eds., pp. 192–202. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Sierra, M., et al. 2005 Autonomic Response in Depersonalization Disorder. Archives of General Psychiatry 59: 833–838.

Silon, B. 1992 Dissociation: A Symptom of Incest. Individual Psychology: Journal of Adlerian Theory, Research and Practice 48(2): 155–164.

Simeon, D., et al. 2000 Feeling Unreal: A PET Study of Depersonalization Disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry 157: 1782–1788.

Simeon, D., et al. 2001 The Role of Childhood Interpersonal Trauma in Depersonalization Disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry 158: 1027–1033.

Simeon, D., et al. 2003 Basal Norepinephrine in Depersonalization Disorder. Psychiatry Research 121(1): 93–97.

Simeon, D., et al. 2004 Depersonalization Disorder: A Contemporary Overview. CNS Drugs 18(6): 343–354.

Simoneti, S., E. Scott, and C. Murphy 2000 Dissociative Experiences in Partner-assaultive Men. Journal of Interpersonal Violence 15(12): 1262–1283.

Spiegel, D. 1988 Dissociation and Hypnosis in Post-traumatic Stress Disorders. Journal of Traumatic Stress 1(1): 17–33.

Spiegel, D. 1991 Dissociation and Trauma. In American Psychiatric Press Review of Psychiatry. A. Tasman and S. Goldfinger, eds. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.

Spiegel, D., and E. Cardeña 1991 Disintegrated Experience: the Dissociative Disorders Revisited. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 100(3): 366–378.

Summerfield, D. 2001 The Invention of Post-traumatic Stress Disorder and the Social Usefulness of a Psychiatric Category. British Medical Journal 322: 95–98.

Terr, L. 1991 Childhood Traumas: An Outline and Overview. American Journal of Psychiatry 148: 10–20.

Tsai, G., et al. 1999 Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Personality Switches in a Woman with Dissociative Identity Disorder. Harvard Review of Psychiatry 7(2): 119–122.

Van der Hart, O., H. Bolt, and B. van der Kolk 2005 Memory fragmentation in Dissociative Identity Disorder. Journal of Trauma and Dissociation 6(1):55–70.

van der Kolk, B. 1994 The Body Keeps Score: Memory and the Evolving Psychobiology of Posttraumatic Stress. Harvard Review of Psychiatry 1(5): 253–265.

van der Kolk, B., and R. Fisler 1994 Childhood Abuse and Neglect and Loss of Self-regulation. Bulletin of Menninger Clinic 58: 145–168.

van der Kolk, B., and R. Fisler 1995 Dissociation and the Fragmentary Nature of Traumatic Memories. Journal of Traumatic Stress 8(4): 505–525.

van der Kolk, B., and W. Kadish 1987 Amnesia, Dissociation, and the Return of the Repressed. In Psychological Trauma. B. van der Kolk, ed. Washington: American Psychiatric Press.

van der Kolk, B., and O. Van der Hart 1989 Pierre Janet and the Breakdown of Adaptation in Psychological Trauma. American Journal of Psychiatry 146: 1530–1540.

van der Kolk, B., and O. Van der Hart 1991 The Intrusive Past: the Flexibility of Memory and the Engraving of Trauma. American Imago 48: 425–454.

Vermetten, E., et al. 2006 Hippocampal and Amygdalar Volumes in Dissociative Identity Disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry 163: 630–636.

Wegner, D.M. 1992 You Can’t Always Think What you Want: Problems in the Suppression of Unwanted Thoughts. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology 25: 193–225.

Wellenkamp, J. 1988 Notions of Grief and Catharsis among the Toraja. American Ethnologist 15(3): 486–500.

Wellenkamp, J. 2002 Cultural Similarities and Differences Regarding Emotional Disclosure: Some Examples from Indonesia and the Pacific. In Emotion, Disclosure, and Health. J. Pennebaker, ed. Washington: American Psychological Association.

Wikan, U. 1990 Managing Turbulent Hearts: A Balinese Formula for Living. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Williams, C., J. Haines, and I. Sale 2003 Psychophysiological and Psychological Correlates of Dissociation in a Case of Dissociative Identity Disorder. Journal of Trauma and Dissociation 4(1): 101–118.

Yates, J.L., and W. Nasby 1993 Dissociation, Affect, and Network Models of Memory: An Integrative Proposal. Journal of Traumatic Stress 6: 305–326.

Yehuda, Rachel, et al. 1998 Phenomenology and Psychobiology of the Intergenerational Response to Trauma. In International Handbook of Multigenerational Legacies of Trauma. Y. Danieli, ed. New York: Plenum Press.

Young, A. 1995 The Harmony of Illusions: Inventing Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.