Disinfection efficacy on cyst viability of Artemia franciscana (Crustacea), Hexarthra fennica (Rotifera) and Fabrea salina (Ciliophora)

A. C. Pati1, G. Belmonte1
1Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Lecce—ECOTEKNE, Lecce, Italy

Tóm tắt

Resting stages (cysts) of Artemia franciscana, Hexarthra fennica and Fabrea salina were exposed for two periods (acute and chronic exposures) to different concentrations of five aquaculture disinfectants (formalin, sodium hypochlorite, potassium permanganate, organic iodine, copper sulphate). The effects of chemical treatments were ranked according to their action on cyst hatching: total inhibition (no cyst hatching), heavy inhibition (significant decrease of cyst hatching), alteration of hatching synchrony, and occurrence of anomalous hatching (death of emerging individuals or birth of malformed organisms). Resting-stage viability was not completely impaired by disinfectant exposures at the ordinary doses used in aquaculture, so that usual treatments are possibly ineffective against the protist and metazoan cysts potentially present in breeding systems. On the other hand, the high resistance shown by cysts suggests the possibility of using these chemicals in live-feed disinfection.

Từ khóa


Tài liệu tham khảo

Alderman DJ, Michel C (1992) Chemotherapy in aquaculture. In: Michel C, Anderman DJ (eds) From theory to reality. O.I.E., Paris, pp 3–22 Balompapueng MD, Munuswamy N, Hagiwara A, Hirayama K (1997) Effects of disinfectants on the hatching of marine rotifer resting eggs Brachionus plicatilis Müller. Aquac Res 28:559–565 Barnabè G (1989) Acquaculture. Technique et documentation. Lavoiser, Paris Bavestrello G, Puce S, Cerrano C, Senes L (2000) Strobilation in a species of Bougainvillioidea (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa). In: Mills CE, Boero F, Migotto A, Gili JM (eds) Trends in hydrozoan biology. IV. Sci Mar 64:147–150 Belmonte G, Castello P, Piccinni MR, Quarta S, Rubino F, Geraci S, Boero F (1995) Resting stages in marine sediments off the Italian coast. In: Elefteriou A, Ansell AD, Smith CJ (eds) Biology and ecology of shallow coastal waters. Olsen and Olsen, Fredensborg, pp 53–58 Boero F (1994) Fluctuations and variations in coastal marine environments. Mar Ecol 15:3–25 Boero F, Belmonte G, Fanelli G, Piraino S, Rubino F (1996) The continuity of living matter and the discontinuites of its constituents: do plankton and benthos really exist? Trends Ecol Evol 11:177–180 Bussers JC (1976) Structure et composition du kiste de résistance de 4 protozoaires ciliés. Protistologica 12:87–100 Calow P (1996) Variability: noise or information in ecotoxicology? Environ Toxicol Pharmacol 2:121–123 Clegg JS (1974) Biochemical adaptations associated with the embryonic dormancy of Artemia salina. Trans Am Microsc Soc 93:481–490 Clegg JS, Jackson SA (1998) The metabolic status of quiscent and diapause embryos of Artemia franciscana (Kellog). Ergebn Limnol 52:425–439 Clegg JS, Jackson SA, Van Hoa N, Sorgeloos P (2000) Thermal resistance, developmental rate and heat shock proteins in Artemia franciscana, from San Francisco Bay and southern Vietnam. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 252:85–96 Costello MJ, Grant A, Davies IM, Cecchini S, Papoutsoglou S, Quigley D, Saroglia M (2001) The control of chemicals used in aquaculture in Europe. J Appl Ichthyol 17:173–180 Culp JM, Podemski CL, Cash KJ, Lowell RB (2000) A research strategy for using stream microcosms in ecotoxicology: integrating experiments at different levels of biological organization with field data. J Aquat Ecosyst Stress Recovery 7:167–176 Dale B (1983) Dinoflagellate resting cysts: "benthic plankton". In: Fryxell GA (ed) Survival strategies of the algae. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 69–136 Douillet P (1998) Disinfection of rotifer cysts leading to bacteria-free populations. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 224:183–192 Fenchel T (1990) Adaptive significance of polymorphic life cycles in Protozoa: responses to starvation and refeeding in two species of marine ciliates. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 136:159–177 Forbes VE, Forbes TL (1994) Ecotoxicology in theory and practice. Chapman and Hall, London Frappaolo PG, Guest GB (1986) Regulatory status of tetracyclines, penicillin and other antimicrobial drugs in animal feeds. J Anim Sci 62:86–92 Ghittino P (1985) Tecnologia e patologia in acquacoltura. Bono, Torino Gilbert JJ (1974) Dormancy in rotifers. Trans Am Microsc Soc 93:490–513 Gutiérrez JC, Martin-Gonzalez A, Matsusaka T (1990) Towards a generalized model of encystment (cryptobiosis) in ciliates: a review and a hypothesis. Biosystems 24:17–24 Hagiwara A, Lee CS, Miyamoto G, Hino A (1989) Resting egg formation and hatching of the S-type rotifer Brachionus plicatilis at varying salinities. Mar Biol 103:327–332 Hagiwara A, Hamada K, Hori S, Hirayama K (1994) Increased sexual reproduction in Brachionus plicatilis (Rotifera) with the addition of bacteria and rotifer extracts. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 181:1–8 Hagiwara A, Hoshi N, Kawahara F, Tominaga K, Hirayama K (1995) Resting eggs of the marine rotifer Brachionus plicatilis Müller: development, and effect of irradiation on hatching. Hydrobiologia 313/314:223–229 Hairston NG, Van Brunt RA, Kearns CM, Engstrom DR (1995) Age and survivorship of diapausing eggs in a sediment egg bank. Ecology 6:1706–1711 Janssen CR, Persoone G, Snell TW (1994) Cyst-base toxicity tests. VIII. Short-chronic toxicity tests with the freshwater rotifer Brachionus calyciflorus. Aquat Toxicol 28:243–258 Kuroshima R, Sato M, Yoshinaka R, Ikeda S (1987) Nutritional quality of the wild zooplankton as a living feed for fish larvae. Suisanzoshoku 35:113–117 Langeland G, Hasselgard T, Tangen K, Skulberg OM, Hjelle A (1984) An outbreak of paralytic shellfish poisoning in western Norway. Sarsia 185:193 Lavens P, Sorgeloos P (eds) (1996) Manual on the production and use of live food for aquaculture. FAO, Rome Lavens P, Sorgeloos P (2000) The history, present status and prospects of the availability of Artemia cysts for aquaculture. Aquaculture 181:397–403 Madsen HCK, Buchmann K, Mellergaard S (2000) Treatment of trichodiniasis in eel (Anguilla anguilla) reared in recirculation systems in Denmark: alternatives to formaldehyde. Aquaculture 186:221–231 Mandima JJ (2000) Spatial and temporal variations in the food of the sardine Limnothrissa miodon (Boulenger, 1906) in Lake Kariba, Zimbabwe. Fish Res (Amst) 48:197–203 Marcus NH (1984) Recruitment of copepod nauplii into the plankton: importance of diapause eggs and benthic processes. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 15:47–54 Marcus NH, Boero F (1998) Minireview: the importance of benthic–pelagic coupling and the forgotten role of life cycle in coastal aquatic systems. Limnol Oceanogr 43:763–768 Migliore L, Civitareale C, Brambilla G, Dojmi Di Delupis G (1997) Toxicity of several important agricultural antibiotics to Artemia. Water Res 31:1801–1806 Mischke CC, Terhune JS, Wise DJ (2001) Acute toxicity of several chemicals to the oligochaete Dero digitata. J World Aquac Soc 32:184–188 Morris JC, Afzelius BA (1967) The structure of the shell and outer membranes in encysted Artemia salina embryos during cryptobiosis and development. J Ultrastruct Res 20:244–259 Munuswamy N, Hagiwara A, Murugan G, Hirayama K, Dumont HJ (1996) Structural differences between the resting eggs of Brachionus plicatilis and Brachionus rotundiformis (Rotifera, Brachionidae): an electron microscopic study. Hydrobiologia 318:219–223 Naess T (1991) Tolerance of marine calanoid resting eggs: effects of freezing, desiccation and Rotenone exposure—a field and laboratory study. Mar Biol 111:452–459 Pati AC, Belmonte G, Ceccherelli VU, Boero F (1999) The inactive temporary component: an unexplored fraction of meiobenthos. Mar Biol 134:419–427 Quarta S, Piccinni MR, Geraci S, Boero F (1992) Isolation of resting stages of planktonic organisms from fine-grained sediments. Oebalia 18:121–128 Rand GM, Petrocelli SR (eds) (1985) Fundamentals of aquatic toxicology. Hemisphere, New York Read PA, Fernandes TF, Miller KL (2001) The derivation of scientific guidelines for best environmental practice for the monitoring and regulation of marine aquaculture in Europe. J Appl Ichthyol 17:146–152 Repak AJ, Anderson OR (1990) The fine structure of the encysting salt marsh heterotrich ciliate Fabrea salina. J Morphol 205:335–341 Rice DL, Whitlow SI (1985) Early diagenesis of transition metals in bioadvective sediments. In: Heavy metals in the environment, vol 2. CEC Consultants, Edinburgh, pp 353–355 Sahul Hameed AS, Balasubramanian G (2000) Antibiotic resistance in bacteria isolated from Artemia nauplii and efficacy of formaldehyde to control bacterial load. Aquaculture 183:195–205 Sorgeloos P, Dhert P (2001) Use of the brine shrimp, Artemia spp., in marine fish larviculture. Aquaculture 200:147–159 Stabili L, Miglietta AM, Belmonte G (1999) Lysozyma-like and trypsin-like activities in the cysts of Artemia franciscana Kellog, 1906. Is there a passive immunity in a resting stage? J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 237:291–303 Terzaghi C, Buffagni M, Cantelli D, Bonfanti P, Camatini M (1998) Physical-chemical and ecotoxicological evaluation of water based drilling fluids used in Italian off-shore. Chemosphere 37:2859–2871 Thompson FL, Abreu PC, Cavalli R (1999) The use of microorganisms as food source for Penaus paulensis larvae. Aquaculture 174:139–153 Vismara C (1998) Effects of methanol, ethanol and n-propanol on development of Artemia franciscana cysts. Chemosphere 37:3027–3034 Wells PG (1999) Biomonitoring the health of coastal marine ecosystems. The roles and challenges of microscale toxicity tests. Mar Pollut Bull 39:39–47