Disentangling host, pathogen, and environmental determinants of a recently emerged wildlife disease: lessons from the first 15 years of amphibian chytridiomycosis research

Ecology and Evolution - Tập 5 Số 18 - Trang 4079-4097 - 2015
Timothy Y. James1, Luı́s Felipe Toledo2, Dennis Rödder3, Domingos da Silva Leite4, Anat M. Belasen1, Clarisse M. Betancourt‐Román1, Thomas S. Jenkinson1, Claudio Azat5, Carolina Lambertini2, Ana V. Longo6, Joice Ruggeri7, James P. Collins8, Patricia A. Burrowes9, Karen R. Lips10, Kelly R. Zamudio6, Joyce E. Longcore11
1Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
2Laboratório de História Natural de Anfíbios Brasileiros (LaHNAB) Departamento de Biologia Animal Instituto de Biologia Universidade Estadual de Campinas Caixa Postal 6109 Campinas São Paulo CEP 13083‐863 Brazil
3Section of Herpetology, Zoologisches Forschungsmuseum Alexander Koenig, Adenauerallee 160, 53113 Bonn, Germany
4Laboratório de Antígenos Bacterianos II Departamento de Genética, Evolução e Bioagentes Instituto de Biologia Universidade Estadual de Campinas Caixa Postal 6109 Campinas São Paulo CEP 13083‐862 Brazil
5Centro de Investigación para la Sustentabilidad, Facultad de Ecología y Recursos Naturales, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
6Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, 14853
7Departamento de Zoologia Laboratório de Anfíbios e Répteis Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Biologia Ilha do Fundão, Caixa postal: 68044 Rio de Janeiro RJ CEP 21941‐590 Brazil
8School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, PO Box 874501, Tempe, Arizona, 85287-4501
9Department of Biology, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan 00931, Puerto Rico
10Department of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, 20901
11School of Biology and Ecology, University of Maine, Orono, Maine, 04469-5722

Tóm tắt

Abstract

The amphibian fungal disease chytridiomycosis, which affects species across all continents, recently emerged as one of the greatest threats to biodiversity. Yet, many aspects of the basic biology and epidemiology of the pathogen,Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis(Bd), are still unknown, such as when and from where didBdemerge and what is its true ecological niche? Here, we review the ecology and evolution ofBdin the Americas and highlight controversies that make this disease so enigmatic. We explore factors associated with variance in severity of epizootics focusing on the disease triangle of host susceptibility, pathogen virulence, and environment. Reevaluating the causes of the panzootic is timely given the wealth of data onBdprevalence across hosts and communities and the recent discoveries suggesting co‐evolutionary potential of hosts andBd. We generate a new species distribution model forBdin the Americas based on over 30,000 records and suggest a novel future research agenda. Instead of focusing on pathogen “hot spots,” we need to identify pathogen “cold spots” so that we can better understand what limits the pathogen's distribution. Finally, we introduce the concept of “the Ghost of Epizootics Past” to discuss expected patterns in postepizootic host communities.

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Ecology and Evolution

Tập 5 Số 18

4079-4097

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