Differential expression of myogenic regulatory genes and Msx‐1 during dedifferentiation and redifferentiation of regenerating amphibian limbs

Developmental Dynamics - Tập 202 Số 1 - Trang 1-12 - 1995
Hans‐Georg Simon1, Craig Nelson, Deborah J. Goff, Ed Laufer, Bruce Morgan, Clifford J. Tabin
1Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115

Tóm tắt

AbstractAn amputated limb of an adult urodele amphibian is capable of undergoing regeneration. The new structures form from an undifferentiated mass of cells called the regenerative blastema. The cells of the blastema are believed to derive from differentiated tissues of the adult limb. However, the exact source of these cells and the process by which they undergo dedifferentiation are poorly understood. In order to elucidate the molecular and cellular basis for dedifferentiation we isolated a number of genes which are potential regulators of the process. These include Msx‐1, which is believed to support the undifferentiated and proliferative state of cells in the embryonic limb bud; and two members of the myogenic regulatory gene family, MRF‐4 and Myf‐5, which are expressed in differentiated muscle and regulate muscle‐specific gene activity. As anticipated, we find that Msx‐1 is strongly up‐regulated during the initiation of regeneration. It remains expressed throughout regeneration but is not found in the fully regenerated limb. The myogenic gene MRF‐4 has the reverse expression pattern. It is expressed in adult limb muscle, is rapidly shut off in early regenerative blastemas, and is only reexpressed at the completion of regeneration. These kinetics are paralleled by those of a musclespecific Myosin gene. In contrast Myf‐5, a second member of the myogenic gene family, continues to be expressed throughout the regenerative process. Thus, MRF‐4 and Myf‐5 are likely to play distinct roles during regeneration. MRF‐4 may directly regulate muscle phenotype and as such its repression may be a key event in dedifferentiation. Myf‐5 may play a role in maintaining a distinct myogenic lineage during regeneration. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.

Từ khóa


Tài liệu tham khảo

Ausubel F. M., 1989, Current Protocols in Molecular Biology

10.1016/0092-8674(90)90214-Y

10.1083/jcb.113.6.1255

10.1016/0012-1606(91)90128-P

10.1016/0092-8674(92)90507-9

10.1002/j.1460-2075.1989.tb03429.x

10.1002/j.1460-2075.1990.tb08179.x

10.1101/gad.4.4.582

10.1073/pnas.89.23.11386

10.1038/321607a0

Casimir C. M., 1988, Evidence for dedifferentiation and metaplasia in amphibian limb regeneration from inheritance of DNA methylation, Development, 104, 657, 10.1242/dev.104.4.657

10.1128/MCB.11.7.3633

10.1101/gad.4.4.567

10.1083/jcb.105.2.949

10.1016/0092-8674(87)90585-X

Dekel I., 1992, Conditional conversion of ES cells to skeletal muscle by an exogeneous MyoD1 gene, New Biologist, 4, 217

10.1093/nar/12.1Part1.387

10.1101/gad.3.5.628

Edmondson D. G., 1991, Mitogenic repression of myogenin autoregulation, J. Biol. Chem., 266, 21343, 10.1016/S0021-9258(18)54640-8

10.1016/0955-0674(90)90157-A

10.1006/dbio.1993.1258

10.1126/science.7908145

10.1002/jez.1402470111

10.1111/j.1749-6632.1980.tb15976.x

Gurdon J. B., 1992, Myogenesis in Xenopus development, Development, 114, 31

Hay E. D., 1979, Muscle Regeneration, 73

10.1016/0012-1606(61)90009-4

10.1101/gad.3.1.26

10.1016/S0012-1606(05)80014-4

10.1242/dev.111.2.551

Hopwood N. D., 1992, Expression of XMyoD protein in early Xenopus Lavis embryos, Development, 114, 31, 10.1242/dev.114.1.31

10.1007/BF00575834

10.1101/gad.6.8.1466

10.1016/0012-1606(92)90012-6

10.1038/308067a0

10.1016/0092-8674(90)90494-Y

10.1016/0092-8674(89)90101-3

10.1073/pnas.90.15.7230

Lyons G. E., 1992, Developmental regulation of myogenesis in the mouse, Semin. Dev. Biol., 3, 243

Maden M., 1977, The role of Schwann cells in paradoxical regeneration in the axolutil, J. Embryol. Exp. Morphol., 41, 1

10.1093/nar/12.18.7035

10.1073/pnas.87.3.1089

Miner J. H., 1992, Skeletal muscle phenotypes initiated by ectopic MyoD in transgenic mouse heart, Development, 114, 853, 10.1242/dev.114.4.853

10.1126/science.2814500

10.1016/0012-1606(92)90154-9

10.1016/0012-1606(86)90062-X

10.1016/0092-8674(89)90434-0

10.1038/361068a0

10.1016/0092-8674(93)90391-3

10.1242/dev.114.2.339

10.1242/dev.111.4.1097

Poulin M. L., 1993, Heterogeneity in the expression of fibroblast growth factor receptors during limb regeneration in newts (Notophthalmus viridescens), Development, 119, 353, 10.1242/dev.119.2.353

Pownall M. E., 1992, Sequential activation of three myogenic regulatory genes during somite morphogenesis in quail embryos, Genes Dev., 4, 567

10.1101/gad.3.12b.2050

Robert B., 1989, Hox‐7 a mouse homobox gene with a novel pattern of expression during embryogenesis, EMBO J., 8, 91, 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1989.tb03352.x

10.1016/0092-8674(92)90508-A

10.1016/0092-8674(93)90621-V

10.1016/0925-4773(93)90022-P

10.1083/jcb.115.4.905

10.1016/0012-1606(60)90052-X

Sambrook J., 1989, Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual

10.1038/341303a0

Simon H.‐G., 1993, Analysis of Hox‐4.5 and Hox‐3.6 expression during newt limb regeneration: Differential regulation of paralogous Hox genes suggests different roles for members of different Hox clusters, Development, 17, 1397, 10.1242/dev.117.4.1397

10.1038/360477a0

10.1002/jez.1401670105

Su M.‐W., 1991, Progressively restricted expression of a new homeobox‐containing gene during Xenopus laevis embryogenesis, Development, 111, 1179, 10.1242/dev.111.4.1179

Summerbell D., 1973, Positional information of chick limb morphogenesis, Nature, 244, 492, 10.1038/244492a0

Tabin C. J., 1989, Isolation of potential vertebrate limb‐identity genes, Development, 105, 813, 10.1242/dev.105.4.813

10.1126/science.3175662

10.1128/MCB.9.8.3576

Wallace H., 1981, Vertebrate Limb Regeneration

10.1002/aja.1001940307

10.1073/pnas.86.14.5434

10.1016/0092-8674(89)90583-7

Thông tin
Thông tin xuất bản

Developmental Dynamics

Tập 202 Số 1

1-12

Thông tin tác giả