Development of the indirect-drive approach to inertial confinement fusion and the target physics basis for ignition and gain

Physics of Plasmas - Tập 2 Số 11 - Trang 3933-4024 - 1995
J. D. Lindl1
1Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California, 94551

Tóm tắt

Inertial confinement fusion (ICF) is an approach to fusion that relies on the inertia of the fuel mass to provide confinement. To achieve conditions under which inertial confinement is sufficient for efficient thermonuclear burn, a capsule (generally a spherical shell) containing thermonuclear fuel is compressed in an implosion process to conditions of high density and temperature. ICF capsules rely on either electron conduction (direct drive) or x rays (indirect drive) for energy transport to drive an implosion. In direct drive, the laser beams (or charged particle beams) are aimed directly at a target. The laser energy is transferred to electrons by means of inverse bremsstrahlung or a variety of plasma collective processes. In indirect drive, the driver energy (from laser beams or ion beams) is first absorbed in a high-Z enclosure (a hohlraum), which surrounds the capsule. The material heated by the driver emits x rays, which drive the capsule implosion. For optimally designed targets, 70%–80% of the driver energy can be converted to x rays. The optimal hohlraum geometry depends on the driver. Because of relaxed requirements on laser beam uniformity, and reduced sensitivity to hydrodynamic instabilities, the U.S. ICF Program has concentrated most of its effort since 1976 on the x-ray or indirect-drive approach to ICF. As a result of years of experiments and modeling, we are building an increasingly strong case for achieving ignition by indirect drive on the proposed National Ignition Facility (NIF).The ignition target requirements for hohlraum energetics, radiation symmetry, hydrodynamic instabilities and mix, laser plasma interaction, pulse shaping, and ignition requirements are all consistent with experiments. The NIF laser design, at 1.8 MJ and 500 TW, has the margin to cover uncertainties in the baseline ignition targets. In addition, data from the NIF will provide a solid database for ion-beam-driven hohlraums being considered for future energy applications. In this paper we analyze the requirements for indirect drive ICF and review the theoretical and experimental basis for these requirements. Although significant parts of the discussion apply to both direct and indirect drive, the principal focus is on indirect drive.

Từ khóa


Tài liệu tham khảo

1972, Laser compression of matter to super-high densities: thermonuclear (CTR) applications, Nature, 239, 129

1974, Laser-driven fusion, Rev. Mod. Phys., 46, 325, 10.1103/RevModPhys.46.325

1992, Progress toward ignition and burn propagation in inertial confinement fusion, Phys. Today, 45(9), 32

1992, Progress toward a tokamak fusion reactor, Phys. Today, 45, 22, 10.1063/1.881337

1994, Fusion power production from TFTR plasmas fueled with deuterium and tritium, Phys. Rev. Lett., 72, 3526, 10.1103/PhysRevLett.72.3526

1974, Thermonuclear burn characteristics of compressed deuterium-tritium microspheres, Phys. Fluids, 17, 474, 10.1063/1.1694739

1982, Steady-state planar ablative flow, Phys. Fluids, 25, 1644, 10.1063/1.863956

1981, The Omega high-power phosphate-glass system: Design and performance, IEEE J. Quantum Electron., QE-9, 1620

1983, Future development of high-power solid-state laser systems, Sov. J. Quantum Electron., 13, 1, 10.1070/QE1983v013n01ABEH004004

1989, Present and future performance of the Nova laser system, Opt. Eng., 28, 461

1981, Nd-doped phosphate glass laser systems for laser-fusion research, IEEE J. Quantum Electron., QE-9, 1639

1991, Omega Upgrade laser for direct-drive target experiments, Laser Part. Beams, 11, 317

1988, X-ray generation in a cavity heated by 1.3 or 0.44 mm laser light: II. Time-resolved measurements, Phys. Rev. A, 38, 5769, 10.1103/PhysRevA.38.5769

1986, lnertial confinement fusion with light ion beams, Science, 232, 831, 10.1126/science.232.4752.831

1990, Thermal x-ray emission from ion-beam-heated matter, J. X-Ray Sci. Technol., 2, 127

1994, Radiation converter physics and a method for obtaining the upper limit for gain in heavy-ion fusion, Nucl. Fusion, 34, 1081, 10.1088/0029-5515/34/8/I03

1992, Energy from inertial fusion, Phys. Today, 45(9), 42

1994, Veil of secrecy is lifted from parts of Livermore’s laser fusion program, Phys. Today, 47(1), 17

1982, On energy gain of fusion targets: The model of Kidder and Bodner improved, Nucl. Fusion, 22, 561, 10.1088/0029-5515/22/4/010

1975, Preheat effects on microballoon laserfusion implosions, Phys. Rev. Lett., 35, 520, 10.1103/PhysRevLett.35.520

1978, Laser fusion experiments at 4 TW, Phys. Rev. Lett., 40, 1570, 10.1103/PhysRevLett.40.1570

1979, Exploding pusher performance—A theoretical model, Phys. Fluids, 22, 1393, 10.1063/1.862752

1975, Two-dimensional simulation of fluid instability in laser-fusion pellets, Phys. Rev. Lett., 34, 1273, 10.1103/PhysRevLett.34.1273

1975, Numerical simulation of laser-initiated fusion, Comments Plasma Phys., 2, 51

1984, Random phasing of high-power lasers for uniform target acceleration and plasma-instability suppression, Phys. Rev. Lett., 53, 1057, 10.1103/PhysRevLett.53.1057

1989, Improved laser-beam uniformity using the angular dispersion of frequency-modulated light, J. Appl. Phys., 66, 3456, 10.1063/1.344101

1987, Theory of induced spatial incoherence, J. Appl. Phys., 62, 2680, 10.1063/1.339419

1993, High-performance direct-drive capsule designs for the National Ignition Facility, Bull. Am. Phys. Soc., 38, 2010

1978, Argus laser system: Performance summary, Appl. Opt., 17, 999, 10.1364/AO.17.000999

1981, The Shiva laser-fusion facility, IEEE J. Quantum Electron., QE-9, 1599

1980, Exploding-pusher-tamper areal density measurement by neutron activation, Appl. Phys. Lett., 36, 12

1984, Numerical simulation of turbulent mixing by Rayleigh-Taylor instability, Physica D, 12, 32, 10.1016/0167-2789(84)90512-8

1980, Demonstration of high efficiency third harmonic conversion of high power Nd-glass laser radiation, Opt. Commun., 34, 469, 10.1016/0030-4018(80)90419-8

1980, Opt. Commun., 34, 474, 10.1016/0030-4018(80)90420-4

1988, X-ray generation in a cavity heated by 1.3 or 0.44 mm laser light. I. Time-integrated measurements, Phys. Rev. A, 38, 5756, 10.1103/PhysRevA.38.5756

1986, Nova experimental facility, Rev. Sci. Instrum., 57, 2101, 10.1063/1.1138755

1993, Progress on ignition physics for ICF and plans for a National Ignition Facility to demonstrate ignition and propagating burn, ICF Quart. Rep., 3, 9

1981, The physics of DT ignition in small fusion targets, Nucl. Fusion, 21, 389, 10.1088/0029-5515/21/3/008

1991, Recent results from the Nova Program at LLNL, Laser Part. Beams, 9, 209, 10.1017/S0263034600003293

1993, X-ray spectroscopic measurements of high densities and temperatures from indirectly driven inertial fusion capsules, Phys. Rev. Lett., 70, 1263, 10.1103/PhysRevLett.70.1263

1994, K- and L-shell x-ray spectroscopic measurements and pusher dopants in indirectly driven ICF implosions, J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer, 51, 113, 10.1016/0022-4073(94)90071-X

1977, Dependence of laser-driven compression efficiency on wavelength, Phys. Rev. Lett., 38, 544, 10.1103/PhysRevLett.38.544

1983, Effect of symmetry requirements on the wavelength scaling of directiy driven laser fusion implosions, Nucl. Fusion, 23, 131, 10.1088/0029-5515/23/2/001

1986, Effect of capsule aspect ratio on hydro-dynamic efficiency, Nucl. Fusion, 26, 1719, 10.1088/0029-5515/26/12/013

1990, Hydrodynamic instability and the direct drive approach to laser fusion, Phys. Fluids B, 2, 1007, 10.1063/1.859274

1988, Analytic solutions for Rayleigh-Taylor growth rates in smooth density gradients, Phys. Rev. A, 38, 1433, 10.1103/PhysRevA.38.1433

1985, Self-consistent growth rate of the Rayleigh-Taylor instability in an ablatively accelerating plasma, Phys. Fluids, 28, 3676, 10.1063/1.865099

1974, Rayleigh-Taylor instability and laser-pellet fusion, Phys. Rev. Lett., 33, 761, 10.1103/PhysRevLett.33.761

1992, Laser driven planar Rayleigh-Taylor instability experiments, Phys. Rev. Lett., 69, 1201, 10.1103/PhysRevLett.69.1201

1990, Experimental results on hydrodynamic instabilities in laser accelerated planar packages, Phys. Fluids B, 2, 1400, 10.1063/1.859563

1991, Large growth Rayleigh-Taylor experiments using shaped laser pulses, Phys. Rev. Lett., 67, 3259, 10.1103/PhysRevLett.67.3259

1993, Laser driven hydrodynamic instability experiments, Phys. Fluids B, 5, 2589, 10.1063/1.860695

1989, The onset of non-linear saturation for Rayleigh-Taylor growth in the presence of a full spectrum of modes, Phys. Rev. A, 39, 5812, 10.1103/PhysRevA.39.5812

1955, On the stability of superposed fluids in a gravitational field, Astrophys. J., 122, 1, 10.1086/146048

1991, Weakly nonlinear hydrodynamic instabilities in inertial fusion, Phys. Fluids B, 3, 2349, 10.1063/1.859603

1994, Multimode Rayleigh-Taylor experiments on Nova, Phys. Rev. Lett., 73, 545, 10.1103/PhysRevLett.73.545

1994, Diagnosis of pusher-fuel mix in indirectly driven Nova implosions, Phys. Rev. Lett., 73, 2224

1994, Nova high growth factor implosion experiments: Modeling and analysis, Bull. Am. Phys. Soc., 39, 1686

1994, High growth-factor ICF implosions, Bull. Am. Phys. Soc., 39, 1686

1995, Dynamic behavior of rippled shock waves and subsequently induced areal-density-perturbation growth in laser-irradiated foils, Phys. Rev. Lett., 74, 3608, 10.1103/PhysRevLett.74.3608

1994, Laser ablation machining of ICF capsules, ICF Quart. Rep., 4, 79

1958, Effect of radiation on shock wave behavior, Phys. Fluids, 1, 24, 10.1063/1.1724332

1989, The x-ray driven heating wave, Phys. Fluids B, 1, 1747, 10.1063/1.858902

1985, Self-similar expansion of dense matter due to heat transfer by nonlinear conduction, Phys. Fluids, 28, 232, 10.1063/1.865184

1989, Super-transition-arrays: A model for the spectral analysis of hot, dense plasma, Phys. Rev. A, 40, 3183, 10.1103/PhysRevA.40.3183

1991, Indirectly driven target for inertial confinement fusion, Nucl. Fusion, 31, 1315, 10.1088/0029-5515/31/7/007

1994, High temperatures in inertial confinement fusion radiation cavities heated with 0.35 μm light, Phys. Rev. Lett., 73, 2320, 10.1103/PhysRevLett.73.2320

1986, Measurement of 0.1–3-keV x-rays from laser plasmas, Rev. Sci. Instrum., 57, 2179, 10.1063/1.1138723

1994, X-ray flux symmetry control in advanced Nova holhraum, ICF Quart. Rep., 4, 101

1990, Experimental observation of laser-induced radiation heat waves, Phys. Rev. Lett., 65, 587, 10.1103/PhysRevLett.65.587

1994, The albedo of gold at high temperatures, ICF Quart. Rep., 4, 125

1987, Dynamics of high-Z plasmas produced by a short-wavelength laser, Phys. Rev. Lett., 59, 56, 10.1103/PhysRevLett.59.56

1984, Evidence of a laser intensity threshold for the onset of inhibited electron transport, Comments Plas. Phys., 8, 165

1992, A new multichannel soft x-ray framing camera for fusion experiments, Rev. Sci. Instrum., 63, 5124, 10.1063/1.1143460

1988, X-ray generation in a cavity heated by 1.3 or 0.44 mm laser light III Comparison of the experimental results with theoretical predictions for x-ray confinement, Phys. Rev. A, 38, 5779, 10.1103/PhysRevA.38.5779

1994, Three-dimensional, unstructured-mesh Eulerian hydrodynamics with upwind, discontinuous, finite-element method, ICF Quart. Rep., 4, 160

1978, Spontaneous magnetic fields in laser-produced plasmas by Faraday rotation, Phys. Rev. Lett., 40, 1177, 10.1103/PhysRevLett.40.1177

1994, Soft x-ray emission spatial profiles in laser-driven hohlraums, Bull. Am. Phys. Soc, 39, 1610

1986, Plasma transport coefficients in a magnetic field by direct numerical solution of the Fokker-Planck equation, Phys. Fluids, 29, 1029, 10.1063/1.865901

1991, The quality of the illumination for a spherical cavity enclosed in a radiating cavity, Jpn. J. Appl. Phys., 30, 1095, 10.1143/JJAP.30.1095

1971, An implicit Monte Carlo scheme for calculating time and frequency dependent nonlinear radiation transport, J. Comput. Phys., 8, 313, 10.1016/0021-9991(71)90015-5

1991, Radiation symmetrization in indirectly driven ICF targets, J. Nucl. Fusion, 31, 1333, 10.1088/0029-5515/31/7/008

1969, Optical absorption and expansion of laser-produced plasmas, Phys. Fluids, 12, 875, 10.1063/1.1692570

1994, Modeling and interpretation of Nova’s symmetry scaling data base, Phys. Rev. Lett., 73, 2328, 10.1103/PhysRevLett.73.2328

1988, High-speed gated x-ray imagers, Rev. Sci. Instrum., 59, 1793, 10.1063/1.1140115

1992, Demonstration of an x-ray ring-aperture microscope for inertial confinement fusion experiments, Appl. Phys. Lett., 60, 410, 10.1063/1.106673

1994, Symmetry experiments in gas-filled hohlraums at Nova, Bull. Am. Phys. Soc., 39, 1610

1982, Filamentation of laser light in flowing plasmas, Phys. Fluids, 25, 2302, 10.1063/1.863965

1995, Witness foam-ball diagnostic for Nova hohlraum time-dependent drive asymmetry, Rev. Sci. Instrum., 66, 785, 10.1063/1.1146221

1993, Re-emission ball technique for symmetry measurements, Bull. Am. Phys. Soc., 38, 1885

1994, Indirect driven, high convergence inertial confinement fusion implosions, Phys. Rev. Lett., 73, 2316, 10.1103/PhysRevLett.73.2316

1992, LaNSA: A large neutron scintillator array for neutron spectroscopy at Nova, Rev. Sci. Instrum., 63, 4874, 10.1063/1.1143536

1975, Possibility of determining the characteristics of laser plasma by measuring the neutrons of the DT reaction, JETP Lett., 21, 70

1987, Neutron spectra from inertial confinement fusion targets for measurement of fuel areal density and charged particle stopping powers, J. Appl. Phys., 62, 2233, 10.1063/1.339850

1977, Brillouin scatter in laser-produced plasmas, Phys. Rev. Lett., 39, 1529, 10.1103/PhysRevLett.39.1529

1981, Dependence of stimulated Brillouin scattering on target material and / number, Phys. Fluids, 24, 2312, 10.1063/1.863312

1993, Theory and three-dimensional simulation of light filamentation in laser-produced plasma, Phys. Fluids B, 5, 2258

1995, The influence of spatial and temporal laser beam smoothing on stimulated Brillouin scattering in fila-mentated laser light, Phys. Rev. Lett., 75, 1078, 10.1103/PhysRevLett.75.1078

1990, Study of instabilities in long scale-length plasmas with and without laser-beam-smoothing techniques, Phys. Fluids B, 2, 1318, 10.1063/1.859549

1992, Filamentation in long scale length plasmas: experimental evidence and effects of laser spatial incoherence, Phys. Fluids B, 4, 2224, 10.1063/1.860027

1992, Nonlinear laser-matter interaction processes in long-scale-length plasmas, Phys. Fluids B, 4, 2232, 10.1063/1.860191

1995, Low stimulated Brillouin backscatter observed from large, hot plasmas in gas-filled hohlraums, Phys. Rev. Lett., 74, 2957, 10.1103/PhysRevLett.74.2957

1995, Nonlinear theory and simulations of stimulated Brillouin backscatter in multi-species plasmas, Phys. Rev. Lett., 74, 5048, 10.1103/PhysRevLett.74.5048

1987, Analysis of laser-plasma coupling and hydrodynamic phenomena in long-pulse, long-scale-length plasmas, Phys Rev. A, 36, 247, 10.1103/PhysRevA.36.247

1994, Performance of the NIF prototype beamlet, Fusion Technol., 26, 702, 10.13182/FST94-A40239

1992, Design of targets for the national ignition facility, ICF Quart. Rep., 3, 71

1995, Design and modeling of ignition targets for the National Ignition Facility, Phys. Plasmas, 2, 2480, 10.1063/1.871209

1988, A new quotidian equation of state (QEOS) for hot dense matter, Phys. Fluids, 31, 3059, 10.1063/1.866963

1975, Multi-group diffusion of energetic charged particles, Nucl. Fusion, 15, 377, 10.1088/0029-5515/15/3/003

1988, Radioactively induced sublimation in solid tritium, Phys. Rev. Lett., 60, 1310, 10.1103/PhysRevLett.60.1310

1991, Temperature and age-dependence of redistribution rates of frozen deuterium-tritium, ICF Quart. Rep., 1, 443

1985, Non-contact thermal gradient method for fabrication of uniform cryogenic inertial fusion targets, J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A, 3, 1196, 10.1116/1.573105

1987, Direct drive cryogenic ICF capsules employing D-T wetted foam, Nucl. Fusion, 27, 447, 10.1088/0029-5515/27/3/009

1994, Three dimensional simulations of the ablative Rayleigh-Taylor instability, Bull. Am. Phys. Soc., 39, 1576

1992, Stopping of energetic sulfur and bromine ions in dense hydrogen plasma, Part. Accel., 37–38, 361

1991, Corona plasma instabilities in heavy ion fusion targets, Nucl. Fusion, 31, 431, 10.1088/0029-5515/31/3/003

1993, Hohlraum target for heavy ion inertial fusion, Nucl. Fusion, 33, 601, 10.1088/0029-5515/33/4/I07

1992, Reactor chamber propagation of heavy ion beams, Part. Accel., 37–38, 175

1993, Physics of gas breakdown for ion beam transport in gas, Nuovo Cimento A, 106, 1705, 10.1007/BF02821270

1989, Solid state laser driver for an ICF reactor, Fusion Technol., 15, 377, 10.13182/FST89-A39730

Thông tin
Thông tin xuất bản

Physics of Plasmas

Tập 2 Số 11

3933-4024

Thông tin tác giả