Development of a Measure of Attachment to God for Muslims

Review of Religious Research - Tập 59 - Trang 183-206 - 2017
Maureen Miner1,2, Bagher Ghobary-Bonab3, Martin Dowson1
1Excelsia College, Macquarie Park, Australia
2Western Sydney University, Sydney, Australia
3University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran

Tóm tắt

Attachment to God has received theoretical and theological warrant for its applicability to Christian and Muslim populations. However, existing measures of attachment to God have been developed within Christian contexts and do not necessarily constitute the best instruments for measuring attachment to God amongst Muslims. This paper addresses the lack of a religiously sensitive measure of attachment to God amongst Muslims by describing the development of the Muslim Spiritual Attachment Scale (M-SAS), the psychometric properties of the M-SAS, and its use in an Australian study of psychological health amongst Muslims. Implications for understanding Muslim attachment styles, and for future research into attachment to God amongst Christian and Muslim populations using culturally sensitive measures are discussed.

Tài liệu tham khảo

Ainsworth, M.D. 1985. Patterns of infant-mother attachments: Antecedents and effects on development. Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine 61 (9): 771–791. Ainsworth, M.D.S., M. Blehar, E. Waters, and S. Wall. 1978. Patterns of attachment: A psychological study of the strange situation. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum. Badri, M. 2000. Contemplation: An Islamic psychospiritual study. Kuala Lumpur: Medeena Books. Bartholomew, K. 1990. Avoidance of intimacy: An attachment perspective. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships 7: 147–178. Bartholomew, K., and L. Horowitz. 1991. Attachment styles among young adults: A test of a four-category model. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 61: 226–244. Beck, R., and A. McDonald. 2004. Attachment to God: The attachment to God inventory, tests of working model correspondence, and an exploration of faith group differences. Journal of Psychology and Theology 32: 92–103. Bishop, A.J. 2008. Stress and depression among older residents in religious monasteries: Do friends and God matter? International Journal of Aging and Human Development 67 (1): 1–23. Bowlby, J. 1969. Attachment and loss: Vol 1. Attachment, vol. 1. New York: Basic Books. Bowlby, J. 1978. Attachment theory and its therapeutic applications. Adolescent Psychiatry 6: 5–33. Bowlby, J. 1988a. Developmental psychiatry comes of age. American Journal of Psychiatry 145 (1): 1–10. Bowlby, J. 1988b. A secure base: Clinical applications of attachment theory. London: Tavistock/Routledge. Brennan, K.A., C.L. Clark, and P.R. Shaver. 1998. Self-report measurement of adult attachment: An integrative overview. In Attachment theory and close relationships, ed. J.A. Simpson, and W.S. Rholes, 46–76. New York, NY: Guilford Press. Brown, T.A., B.F. Chorpit, W. Korotitsch, and D.H. Barlow. 1997. Psychometric properties of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS) in clinical samples. Behaviour Research and Therapy 35 (1): 79–89. Collins, N.L., and S.J. Read. 1990. Adult attachment, working models and relationship quality in dating couples. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 58: 644–663. Crowell, J.A., C. Fraley, and P.R. Shaver. 1999. Measurement of individual differences in adolescent and adult attachment. In Handbook of attachment: Theory, research, and clinical applications, ed. J. Cassidy, and P.R. Shaver, 434–465. New York, NY: The Guilford Press. Este’lami, M. 2003. Rumi and the universality of his message. Islam and Christian-Muslim Relations 14 (4): 429–524. Ghobary-Bonab, B., M. Miner, and M.T. Proctor. 2013. Attachment to God in Islamic spirituality. Journal of Muslim Mental Health 7 (2): 77–104. Ghorbani, N., P.J. Watson, M. Omidbeiki, and Z.J. Chen. 2016. Muslim attachments to God and the ‘Perfect Man’ (Ensān-e Kāmel): Relationships with religious orientation and psychological adjustment in Iran. Psychology of Religion and Spirituality. doi:10.1037/rel0000084. Granqvist, P., and L.A. Kirkpatrick. 2008. Attachment and religious representations and behavior. In Handbook of attachment: Theory, research and clinical applications, 2nd ed, ed. J. Cassidy, and P. Shaver, 906–933. New York: Guilford. Granqvist, P., and L.A. Kirkpatrick. 2013. Religion, spirituality, and attachment. In APA Handbook for the psychology of religion and spirituality (Vol 1): Context, theory, and research, ed. K. Pargament, 129–155. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. Griffin, D., and K. Bartholomew. 1994. Models of the self and other: Fundamental dimensions underlying measures of adult attachment. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 67 (3): 430–445. Hair, J.F., W.C. Black, B.J. Babin, and R.E. Anderson. 2010. Multivariate data analysis, 7th ed. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. Hazan, C., and P. Shaver. 1987. Romantic love conceptualized as an attachment process. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 52: 511–524. Hazan, C., and P.R. Shaver. 1994. Attachment as an organizational framework for research on close relationships. Psychological Inquiry 5: 1–22. Ibn Arabi, M. 2004. Divine sayings: Mishkat al-anwar, (trans. into English with Arabic text by Stephen Hirtenstein, & Martin Notcutt), Oxford: Anqa Publishing. Jorgensen, J.A. 2009. ‘Word of God’ and ‘Spirit of God’ in Christian and Islamic Christologies: A starting point for interreligious dialogue? Islam and Christian-Muslim Relations 20 (4): 389–407. Kirkpatrick, L.A. 1992. An attachment-theory approach to the psychology of religion. International Journal for the Psychology of Religion 2 (1): 3–28. Kirkpatrick, L.A. 1997. A longitudinal study of changes in religious belief and behavior as a function of individual differences in adult attachment style. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 36 (2): 207–217. Kirkpatrick, L.A. 1998. God as a substitute attachment figure: A longitudinal study of adult attachment style and religious change in college students. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 24 (9): 961–973. Kirkpatrick, L.A., and P.R. Shaver. 1990. Attachment theory and religion: Childhood attachments, religious beliefs, and conversion. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 29 (3): 315–334. Kirkpatrick, L.A., and P.R. Shaver. 1992. An attachment-theoretical approach to romantic love and religious belief. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 18 (3): 266–275. Lawrence, R.T. 1997. Measuring the image of God: The God Image Inventory and the God Image Scale. Journal of Psychology and Theology 25 (2): 214–226. Lovibond, P.F., and S.H. Lovibond. 1995. The structure of negative emotional states: Comparison of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS) with the Beck Depression and Anxiety Inventories. Behaviour Research and Therapy 33: 335–342. Marganska, A., M. Gallagher, and R. Miranda. 2013. Adult attachment, emotion dysregulation, and symptoms of depression and generalized anxiety disorders. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry 83 (1): 131–141. Mikulincer, M., and P.R. Shaver. 2012. An attachment perspective on psychopathology. World Psychiatry 11: 11–15. Miner, M. 2007. Back to the basics in attachment to God: Revisiting theory in light of theology. Journal of Psychology and Theology 35 (2): 112–122. Miner, M. 2009. The impact of child-parent attachment, attachment to God and religious orientation on psychological adjustment. Journal of Psychology and Theology 37 (2): 114–124. Miner, M., and M. Dowson. 2012. Spirituality as a key resource for human flourishing. In Beyond well-being: Spirituality and human flourishing, ed. M. Miner, M. Dowson, and S. Devenish, 5–32. Charlotte, NC: Information Age Publishing. Miner, M., B. Ghobary-Bonab, M. Dowson, and M.T. Proctor. 2014. Spiritual attachment in Islam and Christianity. Mental Health, Religion and Culture 17 (1): 79–93. doi:10.1080/13674676.2012.749452. Panizovsky, A.M., K. Levov, Y. Schultz, and I. Radomislensky. 2011. Attachment insecurity and psychological resources associated with adjustment disorder. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry 81 (2): 265–276. Pargament, K., H.G. Koenig, and L.M. Perez. 2000. The many methods of religious coping: Development and initial validation of the RCOPE. Journal of Clinical Psychology 56 (4): 519–543. Proctor, M.T. (1998). Attachment to God: Is it a viable concept? The relationship between attachment to God, child and adult attachment experiences, God concept and the quality and nature of attachment to God. Unpublished thesis. UWS, Australia. Rowatt, W.C., and L. Kirkpatrick. 2002. Two dimensions of attachment to God and their relation to affect, religiosity, and personality constructs. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 41 (4): 4638–4649. Sachiko, M., and W. Chittick. 1996. The vision of Islam: The foundation of Muslim faith and practice, 1996. London: Tauris. Schore, A.N. 2003. Affect dysregulation and disorders of the self. New York: Norton. Schuon, F. 1985. Christianity/Islam: Essays on esoteric ecumenicism. Bloomington, IN: World Wisdom Books. Shults, F.L. 2003. Reforming theological anthropology: After the philosophical turn to relationality. Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans. Sim, T.N., and B.S.M. Loh. 2003. Attachment to God: Measurement and dynamics. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships 20 (3): 373–389. Sroufe, L.A., and E. Waters. 1977. Attachment as an organizational construct. Child Development 48: 1184–1199. Sroufe, L.A. 2005. Attachment and development: A prospective, longitudinal study from birth to adulthood. Attachment & Human Development 7 (4): 349–367. Waller, E., and C.E. Scheidt. 2006. Somatoform disorders as disorders of affect regulation: A developmental perspective. International Review of Psychiatry 18 (1): 13–24.