Depressive features in holocaust survivors with post-traumatic stress disorder
Tóm tắt
The present study was designed to explore several aspects of depressive phenomenology, including current symptoms, dependency (anaclitic) and self-criticism (introjective) themes, and issues of self-efficacy, in Holocaust survivors with and without posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The Depressive Subscale of the Symptom Checklist-90 (SCL-90) and the Depressive Experiences Questionnaire (DEQ) were administered to 23 Holocaust survivors and 18 demographically-matched controls. Holocaust survivors with PTSD scored significantly higher on the SCL-90 depression scale, and portrayed more self-criticism on the DEQ, than Holocaust survivors without PTSD and demographically-matched non-exposed subjects. The data suggest that depressive symptoms in individuals who have been severely traumatized are more severe when associated with a concurrent PTSD. Furthermore, groups suffering different types of trauma may show similarities in psychological dimensions of depression.
Tài liệu tham khảo
Blatt, S. J., D'Afflirri, J. P., and Quinlin, D. M. (1976). Experiences of depression in normal young adults.J. Abnorm. Psychol. 85: 383–389.
Blatt, S. J., Quinlan, D. M., and Chevron, E. S. (1982). Dependency and self-criticism: Psychological dimensions of depression.J. Consult. Clin. Psychol. 50: 113–124.
Blazer, D. (1978).Durham Survey: Description and Application in Multidimensional Functional Assessment OARS Methodology: A Manual. (second edition), Duke University Center for the Study of Aging and Human Development, Durham, pp. 75–88.
Danielli, Y. (1984). Psychotherapists' participation in the conspiracy of silence about the Holocaust.Psychoanal. Psychol. 1: 23–42.
Danielli, Y. (1988). Treating survivors and children of survivors of the Nazi Holocaust. In Ochberg, F. M. (ed.),Post-Traumatic Therapy and Victims of Violence Brunner Mazel, New York.
Derogatis, L. R. (1983). Symptom Checklist-90. In Townson, M. D. (ed.),Clinical Psychometric Research.
Kahana, E., Kahana, B., and Harel, Z. (1988). Coping with extreme stress. In Wilson, J., Harel, Z., and Kahana, B. (eds.),Human Adaptation to Extreme Stress Plenum Press, New York.
Krystal, H., and Niederland, W. G. (1986). Clinical observations on the survivor syndrome. In Krystal, H. (ed.),Massive Psychic Trauma International Universities Press, New York.
Southwick, S. M., Yehuda, R., and Giller, E. L. (1991). Characterization of depression in combat veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder.Am. J. Psychiatry 148: 179–182.
Spitzer, R. L., Williams, J. B. W., and Gibbon, M. (1987). Structured clinical interview for DSM-III-R.New York State Psychiatric Institute, Biometrics Research.
Yehuda, R., Southwick, S. M., and Giller, E. L. (1992). Exposure to atrocities and chronic post-traumatic stress disorder in war veterans.Am. J. Psychiatry 149: 333–336.