Degradation of Pyrimidines — Enzymes, Localization and Role in Metabolism

Biochemie und Physiologie der Pflanzen - Tập 173 - Trang 467-499 - 1978
C. Wasternack1
1Martin-Luther-Universität, Sektion Biowissenschaften, WB Biochemie, DDR- 402 Halle (Saale), Neuwerk 1.

Tài liệu tham khảo

Abbott, 1964, Conversion of Thymine to 5-Hydroxymethyl-uracil in a Cell-free System, J. biol. Chemistry, 239, 156, 10.1016/S0021-9258(18)51763-4

Abbott, 1968, The Formation of 5-Formyluracil by Cell-free Preparations from Neurospora crassa, Biochim. biophysica Acta, 169, 1, 10.1016/0005-2787(68)90002-6

Abbott, 1974, α-Ketoglutarate-coupled Dioxygenases, 167

Ashihara, 1977, Changes in Activities of the de novo and the Salvage Pathway of Pyrimidine Nucleotide Biosynthesis during Germination of Black Gram (Phaseolus mungo) Seeds, Z. Pflanzen-phys., 81, 199, 10.1016/S0044-328X(77)80195-5

Ashworth, 1972, Biosynthesis of Willardiine and Isowillardiine in Biochem. J., 129, 897

Balatkova, 1972, The Stimulating Effect of Uracil and 5-Bromouracil on the Seed Set in Papaver somniferum L, Biol. Plantarum (Praha), 14, 140, 10.1007/BF02920958

Ban, 1972, Uracil and Thymine Catabolism in Escherichia coli, J. gen. Microbiol., 73, 267, 10.1099/00221287-73-2-267

Bankel, 1972, Thymidine-2’-hydroxylase in Neurospora crassa, J. biol. Chemistry, 247, 6128, 10.1016/S0021-9258(19)44773-X

Barnes, 1962, Formation of β-Alanine by Pine Tissues Supplied with Intermediates in Uracil and Orotic Acid Metabolism, Plant Physiol., 37, 171, 10.1104/pp.37.2.171

Bauerova, 1960, The Effect of Uracil Analogs on the Metabolism of Pyrimidines in Cucumber Seedlings, Coll. Czech. Chem. Commun., 25, 2906, 10.1135/cccc19602906

Bell, 1961, Isolation of a New Amino Acid from Lathyrus tingitanus, Biochim. biophys. Acta, 47, 602, 10.1016/0006-3002(61)90560-1

Bell, 1963, A New Amino Acid, γ-Hydroxyhomoarginine in Lathyrus, Nature (London), 199, 70, 10.1038/199070a0

Bell, 1965, The Origin and Site of Synthesis of the Pyrimidine Ring in the Amino Acid Lathyrine, Biochem. J., 94, 35 P

Berech, 1962, An Autoradiographic Study of the Macronuclear Changes Occuring in Paramecium aurelia during Autogamy, Exp. Cell. Res., 26, 360, 10.1016/0014-4827(62)90188-X

Billen, 1949, Studies on the Aspartic Acid Decarboxylation in Rhizobium trifolii, J. Bacteriol., 58, 215, 10.1128/JB.58.2.215-221.1949

Brachet, 1958, The Effects of Various Metabolites and Antimetabolites on the Regeneration of Fragments of Acetabularia mediterranea, Exp. Cell. Res., 14, 650, 10.1016/0014-4827(58)90178-2

Brown, 1977, Biosynthesis of the Pyrimidinyl Amino Acid Lathyrine by Lathyrus tingitanus L, Biochem. J., 164, 589, 10.1042/bj1640589

Buchowicz, 1963, 14C-Carbamyl-β-alanine as Precursor of Pyrimidines in Higher Plants, Acta biochim. polon., 10, 157

Campbell, 1957, Reductive Degradation of Pyrimidines, III. Purification and Properties of Dihydrouracil dehydrogenase, J. biol. Chemistry, 227, 693, 10.1016/S0021-9258(18)70749-7

Campbell, 1957, Reductive Degradation of Pyrimidines, II. Mechanism of Uracil Degradation by Clostridium uracilicum, J. biol. Chemistry J. Bacteriol., 73, 225, 10.1128/JB.73.2.225-229.1957

Cannellakis, 1956, Pyrimidine Metabolism. I. Enzymatic Pathway of Uracil and Thymine degradation, J. biol. Chemistry, 221, 315

Cannellakis, 1957, Pyrimidine Metabolism . III. The Interaction of the Catabolic and Anabolic Pathway of Uracil Metabolism, J. biol. Chemistry, 227, 701

Caravaca, 1958, Enzymatic Decarbamylation of Carbamyl-β-alanine and Carbamyl-β-aminoisobutyric Acid, J. biol. Chemistry, 231, 357, 10.1016/S0021-9258(19)77312-8

Carr, 1964, Incorporation of Dihydrouridine Monophosphate and Uridine Monophosphate into Liver and Brain RNA, J. biol. Chemistry, 239, 160, 10.1016/S0021-9258(18)51764-6

Chittenden, 1976, Possible Pathway for Prebiotic Uracil Synthesis by Photodehydrogenation, Nature, 265, 350, 10.1038/263350a0

Evans, 1961, Pyrimidine Metabolism in Germinating Seedlings, Plant Physiol., 36, 9, 10.1104/pp.36.1.9

Ferdinandus, 1971, Behaviour of Opposing Pathways of the Thymidine Utilization in Differentiating, Regenerating and Neoplastic Liver, Cancer Res., 31, 550

Fink, 1956, Metabolism of Thymine-(Methyl- 14C or -2-14C) by Rat Liver in vitro, J. biol. Chemistry, 221, 425, 10.1016/S0021-9258(18)65261-5

Fink, 1962, Relative Retention of 3H and 14C Labels of Nucleosides Incorporated into Nucleic Acids of Neurospora crassa, J. biol. Chemistry, 237, 2889, 10.1016/S0021-9258(18)60246-7

Fritzson, 1957, Catabolism of 14C-labelled Uracil, Dihydrouracil and β-Ureidopropionic Acid in Rat Liver, J. biol. Chemistry, 226, 223, 10.1016/S0021-9258(18)64823-9

Fritzson, 1960, Properties and Assay of Dihydrouracil Dehydrogenase of Rat Liver, J. biol. Chemistry, 235, 719, 10.1016/S0021-9258(19)67929-9

Fritzson, 1962, The Relation between Uracil-catabolizing Enzymes and Rate of Rat Liver Regeneration, J. biol. Chemistry, 237, 150, 10.1016/S0021-9258(18)81378-3

Goedde, 1968, Enzymatic Preparation of Labelled Intermediates of Thymine Catabolism: Dihydrothymine and β-Ureidoisobutyric Acid, Z. Physiol. Chem., 349, 1139, 10.1515/bchm2.1968.349.2.1137

Goedde, 1970, Purification and Properties of Dihydrouracil Dehydrogenase from Pig Liver, Z. Physiol. Chem., 351, 945, 10.1515/bchm2.1970.351.2.945

Goldenberg, 1977, Organization of Purine Degradation in the Liver of a Teleost (Carp; Cyprinus caprio L.). A Study of its Subcellular Distribution, . Mol. Cell. Biochem., 16, 17, 10.1007/BF01769834

Goldfine, 1960, Propionic Acid Metabolism. V. The Conversion of β-Alanine to Propionic Acid by Cell-free Extracts of Clostridium propionicum, J. biol. Chemistry, 235, 2238, 10.1016/S0021-9258(18)64605-8

Greengard, 1971, Enzymatic Differentiation in Mammalian Tissues, 7, 159

Grisolia, 1955, Enzymatic Interconversions of Hydrouracil and β-Ureido- propionic Acid, Biochim. biophysica Acta, 18, 449, 10.1016/0006-3002(55)90122-0

Grisolia, 1957, Purification and Properties of Hydropyrimidine Dehydrogenase, Biochim. biophysica Acta, 25, 430, 10.1016/0006-3002(57)90498-5

Griswold, 1976, Regulation of Thymidine Metabolism in Neurospora crassa, J. Bacteriol., 125, 1040, 10.1128/JB.125.3.1040-1047.1976

Grivell, 1968, Thymidine kinase. Evidence for its Absence from Neurospora crassa and some other Microorganisms, and the Relevance of this to the Specific Labelling of Deoxyribonucleic Acid, J. gen. Microbiol., 54, 307, 10.1099/00221287-54-2-307

Habers, 1968

Hallock, 1976, Pyrimidine Reducing Enzymes of Rat Liver, Can. J. Biochem., 54, 178, 10.1139/o76-026

Hartman, 1970, Purines and Pyrimidines, 3, 1

Hatch, 1962, Fat Metabolism in Higher Plants. XVIII. Propionate Metabolism by Plant Tissues, Arch. Biochem. Biophysics, 96, 193, 10.1016/0003-9861(62)90398-3

Hayaishi, 1952, Metabolism of Cytosine, Thymine and Uracil and Barbituric Acid by Bacterial Enzymes, J. biol. Chemistry, 197, 717, 10.1016/S0021-9258(18)55628-3

Henderson, 1973

Holme, 1970, 7-Hydroxylation of Thymine in Neurospora crassa Strain Coupled to Oxydative Decarboxylation of 2-Ketoglutarate, Biochim. biophysica Acta, 212, 50, 10.1016/0005-2744(70)90177-4

Holme, 1971, 18O-Studies of the 2-Ketoglutarate-dependent Sequential Oxygenase of Thymine to Uracil-5-carboxylic Acid, J. biol. Chemistry, 246, 3314, 10.1016/S0021-9258(18)62229-X

Holme, 1975, A Kinetic Study of Thymine-7-hydroxylase from Neurospora crassa, Biochemistry, 14, 4999, 10.1021/bi00693a033

Howland, 1975, Simultanous Inhibition of Thymidine Degradation and Stimulation of Incorporation into DNA by 5-Fluorodeoxyuridine, Plant Sci. Letters, 5, 157, 10.1016/0304-4211(75)90027-9

Knutsen, 1972, Degradation of Uracil by Synchronous Cultures of Chlorella fusca, Biochim. biophysica Acta, 269, 333, 10.1016/0005-2787(72)90119-0

Knutsen, 1972, Uptake of Uracil by Synchronous Chlorella fusca, Physiol. Plant., 27, 300, 10.1111/j.1399-3054.1972.tb03618.x

Knutsen, 1974, Uptake and Metabolism of Uracil, Guanine and Phenylalanine by Synchronous Chlorella fusca, Coll. Internat. C.N.R.S., No 240 Les Cycles Cellulaiees et Leur Blocage Chez lusieures Protists, 203

Krämer, 1969, Verwertung von Pyrimidinderivaten durch Hydrogenomonas facilis, II. Abbau von Thymin und Uracil durch den Wildstamm und Mutante, Arch. Microbiol., 69, 138

Krämer, 1969, Verwertung von Pyrimidinderivaten durch Hydrogenomonas facilis, I. Intermediärprodukte und Enzyme des Cytosinabbaus, Arch. Microbiol., 68, 227

Lambein, 1968, Isolation and Characterization of 1-Alanyl-uracil (Wilkrdiine) and 3-Alanyl-uracil (Isowillardiine) from Pisum sativum, Biochim. biophys. Res. Commun., 32, 474, 10.1016/0006-291X(68)90686-4

Langen, 1975

LaRue, 1968, The Utilization of Purines and Pyrimidines by Yeasts, Can. J. Microbiol., 14, 79, 10.1139/m68-012

Levine, 1974, A Review: Biological and Clinical Aspects of Pyrimidine Metabolism, Pediat. Res., 8, 724, 10.1203/00006450-197407000-00008

Lieberman, 1954, Enzymatic Break Synthesis and Breakdown of a Pyrimidine Orotic Acid. II. Dihydroorotic Acid, Ureidosuccinic Acid and 5-Carboxymethylhydantoine, J. biol. Chemistry, 207, 911, 10.1016/S0021-9258(18)65708-4

Lippmann, G.: Thesis, University of Halle/Saale 1978

Liu, 1972, Stoichiometry of the Pyrimidine deoxyribonucleoside-2’-hydroxylase Reaction and of the Conversion of 5-Hydroxymethyluracil to 5-Formyluracil and of the Latter to Uracil-5-carboxylic Acid, Biochemistry, 11, 2172, 10.1021/bi00761a025

Liu, 1973, Catalysis of Three Sequential Dioxygenase Reactions by Thymine-7-hydroxylase, Arch. Biochem. Biophysics, 159, 180, 10.1016/0003-9861(73)90443-8

Luckner, 1967, Über neue Arbeiten zur Biosynthese N-heterocyciischer Verbindungen. 7. Teil. Bildung und Abbau von Verbindungen mit Pyrimidinringsystem, Pharmazie, 22, 181

Maas, 1952, Pantothenic Acid Studies. III. Description of the Extracted Pantothenate Synthesizing Enzyme of E. coli, J. biol. Chemistry, 198, 23, 10.1016/S0021-9258(18)55553-8

McCroskey, 1971, Studies Pertaining to be the Purification and Properties of Thymine-7-hydroxylase, Biochim. biophys. Acta, 227, 264, 10.1016/0005-2744(71)90059-3

Meyer, 1966, Non-specific Incorporation of 3H-Thymidine into the Chloroplasts of Spirogyra grevilleana, Biochim. biophys. Res. Commun., 25, 549, 10.1016/0006-291X(66)90627-9

Minard, 1970, 5.6-Dihydrouracil: Its Occurrence and Metabolism in Rat Brain, Biochim. biophysica Acta, 209, 255, 10.1016/0005-2787(70)90682-9

Mokrasch, 1959, Contribution of Hydrouracil and its Derivatives to Pyrimidine Biosynthesis. I. Scope of Contribution and Some Properties of the Incorporating Systems, Biochim. biophysica Acta, 33, 444, 10.1016/0006-3002(59)90134-9

Necas, 1974, The Growth Stimulating Effect of 5-Bromouracil and Uracil in Chlorococcal Algae, Biol. Plant. (Praha), 16, 94, 10.1007/BF02920783

Nowacki, 1961, Tingitanine, a New Free Amino Acid from Seeds of Tangier pea (Lathyrus tingitanus), Bull. Acad. Pol. Sci., Ser. Sci. Biol., 9, 279

O’Donnovan, 1970, Pyrimidine Metabolism in Microorganisms, Bacteriol. Rev., 34, 278, 10.1128/MMBR.34.3.278-343.1970

Ortega, 1975, Pan C, a New Chromosomal Locus of Salmonella typhimurium for the Biosynthesis of β-Alanine, Molec. gen. Genet., 140, 159, 10.1007/BF00329783

Øvrebø, 1973, Pyrimidine Metabolism in Acinetobacter calcoaceticus, J. Bacteriol., 116, 331, 10.1128/JB.116.1.331-336.1973

Petterson, 1974, Uptake of Guanine by Synchronous Chlorella fusca, Arch. Microbiol., 96, 233, 10.1007/BF00590179

Pihl, 1955, The Catabolism of 14C-labelled β-Alanine in the Intact Rat, J. biol. Chemistry, 215, 345, 10.1016/S0021-9258(18)66042-9

Piret, 1964, Le catabolisme reductif de l’uracile chez Torulopsis utilis, Arch. int. Physiol. Biochem., 72, 256

Pyndath, 1967, Studies of Orotidine-5-phosphate Decarboxylase in Neurospora crassa, Arch. biochem. Biophysics, 118, 185, 10.1016/0003-9861(67)90296-2

Queener, 1971, Dihydrouracil Dehydrogenase Activity in Normal, Differentiating and Regenerating Liver and in Hepatoma, Cancer Res., 31, 1004

Reinbothe, 1964, Urea Formation from Pyrimidines in Fruit Bodies of Higher Basidiomycetes, Tetrahedron Letters, 37, 2651, 10.1016/S0040-4039(00)70402-3

Rindt, 1972, Aspekte des Thyminstoffwechsels bei Athiorhodaceen, Z. allgem. Microbiol., 12, 143, 10.1002/jobm.3630120209

Ross, 1965, Comparison of Incorporation and Metabolism of RNA Pyrimidine Nucleotide Precursors in Leaf Tissues, Plant Physiol., 40, 65, 10.1104/pp.40.1.65

Ross, 1971, Pyrimidine Metabolism in Cotyledones of Germinating Alaska Peas, Plant Physiol., 47, 71, 10.1104/pp.47.1.71

Rothberg, 1957, Studies on Oxygenases. Enzymatic Oxydation of Imidazole Acetic Acid, J. biol. Chemistry, 229, 897, 10.1016/S0021-9258(19)63694-X

Rutman, 1954, The Catabolism of Uracil in vivo and in vitro, J. biol. Chemistry, 210, 321, 10.1016/S0021-9258(18)65456-0

Sanchez, 1966, Conditions for Purine Synthesis: Did Prebiotic Synthesis Occur at Low Temperature?, Science, 153, 72, 10.1126/science.153.3731.72

Sanno, 1970, Studies of a Mutation Affecting Pyrimidine Degradation in Inbred Mice, J. biol. Chemistry, 245, 5668, 10.1016/S0021-9258(18)62706-1

Schneider, 1971, Incorporation of Pyrimidine deoxyribonucleosides into Liver Lipids and other Components, Biochim. biophysica Acta, 228, 610, 10.1016/0005-2787(71)90725-8

Schwartz, 1977, Synthesis of Uracil and Thymine under Stimulated Prebiotic Conditions, Bio Systems, 9, 87, 10.1016/0303-2647(77)90016-8

Shaffer, 1968, The Cell-free Conversion of a Deoxyribonucleoside to a Ribonucleoside without Detachment of the Deoxyribose, Biochim. biophys. Res. Commun., 33, 806, 10.1016/0006-291X(68)90232-5

Shaffer, 1972, Substrate Specificity of the Hydroxylase Reaction in which Thymine is Converted to Thymine Ribonucleoside, Biochim. biophysica Acta, 258, 387, 10.1016/0005-2744(72)90230-6

Shaffer, 1975, Metabolism of Pyrimidine Deoxyribonucleosides in Neurospora crassa, J. Bacteriol., 121, 648, 10.1128/JB.121.2.648-655.1975

Slotnick, 1957, Dihydrouracil as a Growth Factor for Mutant Strains of E. coli, J. Bacteriol., 74, 122, 10.1128/JB.74.2.122-125.1957

Smith, 1971, Dihydrouracil Dehydrogenase of Rat Liver, Separation of Hydrogenase and Dehydrogenase Activity, J. biol. Chemistry, 246, 3610, 10.1016/S0021-9258(18)62172-6

Sormova, 1960, Some Pyrimidine Derivates as New Types of Plant Stimulants, Coll. Czech. Chem. Commun., 25, 2889, 10.1135/cccc19602889

Stevens, 1963, Studies on Enzymes Involved in Nucleic Acid Metabolism in Foetal, Young and Regenerating Liver, Biochem. J., 87, 12, 10.1042/bj0870012

Swick, 1967, The Heterogenous Distribution of Mitochondrial Enzymes in Normal Rat Liver, Biochemistry, 6, 737, 10.1021/bi00855a013

Tew, 1978, The Relationship of Thymidine Metabolism to the Use of Fractional Incorporation as a Measure of DNA-Synthesis and Tissue Proliferation, Europ. J. Cancer, 14, 153, 10.1016/0014-2964(78)90174-3

Tomchick, 1968, Mouse Kidney Cytidine deaminase, Purification and Properties, J. biol. Chemistry, 243, 2534, 10.1016/S0021-9258(18)93407-1

Tsai, 1965, Catabolism of Pyrimidines in Rape Seedlings, Plant Physiol., 40, 39, 10.1104/pp.40.1.39

Vitols, 1967, A New Path of Orotic Acid Catabolism in Microorganisms, Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSR., 174, 1202

Vitols, 1970, Transformation of Thymine by Rhodotorula glutinis, Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSR., 192, 908

Vogels, 1976, Degradation of Purines and Pyrimidines in Microorganisms, Bacteriol. Rev., 40, 403, 10.1128/MMBR.40.2.403-468.1976

Wang, 1952, Metabolism of Pyrimidines by a Soil Bacterium, J. biol. Chemistry, 194, 775, 10.1016/S0021-9258(18)55832-4

Wang, 1952, Uracil oxydase and the Isolation of Barbituric Acid from Uracil Oxydation, J. biol. Chemistry, 194, 785, 10.1016/S0021-9258(18)55833-6

Wasternack, 1968, Harnstoffmetabolismus bei Basidiomyceten. III. Untersuchungen zur Harnstoffsynthese aus Pyrimidinen in Fruchtkörpern von Agaricus bisporus Lange, Flora, 158, 1

Wasternack, 1975, Degradation of Pyrimidines in Euglena gracilis. Studies with Intact Cells, Plant Sci. Letters, 4, 353, 10.1016/0304-4211(75)90262-X

Wasternack, 1976, Degradation of Pyrimidines and Their Structural Analogs in Euglena gracilis, 213

Wasternack, 1977, Degradation of Pyrimidines in Euglena gracilis. II. Inhibition of Degradation by Structural Analogs and Their Own Degradation, Plant Sci. Letters, 9, 171, 10.1016/0304-4211(77)90095-5

Wasternack, C.: Inhibition of Pyrimidine Degradation by Antimetabolites. J. Pharmacol. Therapeutics, Part A (in preparation)

Watanabe, 1970, The Enzymatic Conversion of 5-Formyl-uracil to Uracil-5-carboxylic Acid, J. biol. Chemistry, 245, 2023, 10.1016/S0021-9258(18)63201-6

Weber, 1968, Carbohydrate Metabolism in Cancer Cells and the Molecular Correlation Concept, Naturwiss., 55, 418, 10.1007/BF00602650

Weber, 1971, Control of Gene Expression in Carbohydrate, Pyrimidine and DNA Metabolism, Advan. Enz. Reg., 9, 63, 10.1016/S0065-2571(71)80038-9

Weber, 1973, Ordered and Specific Pattern of Gene Expression in Neoplasia, Advan. Enzyme Reg., 11, 79, 10.1016/0065-2571(73)90010-1

Weber, 1974, Molecular Correlation Concept, 487

Weber, 1974, Operation of Pleiotropic Control in Hormonal Regulation of Neoplasia, Advan. Enzyme Reg., 12, 11, 10.1016/0065-2571(74)90005-3

Weber, 1975, Role of Key Enzymes in Metabolic Regulation, 32, 237

Weber, 1976, Key Enzymes of IMP Metabolism: Tranformations and Proliferations-linked Alterations in Gene Expression, Advan. Enz. Reg., 14, 3, 10.1016/0065-2571(76)90005-4

Weber, 1976, Enzymatic Strategy of the Cancer Cell, 12, 63

Williams, 1969, Mutants Affecting Thymidine Metabolism in Neurospora crassa, J. Bacteriol., 100, 383, 10.1128/JB.100.1.383-389.1969

Woodward, 1957, Uracil Metabolism in Neurospora crassa, Experientia, 13, 484, 10.1007/BF02159410