Deep placement of organic amendments in dense sodic subsoil increases summer fallow efficiency and the use of deep soil water by crops
Tóm tắt
Physical subsoil constraints limit crop production in many areas of southern Australia. There has been limited success in ameliorating these constraints. A field study commenced in 2005 at two adjacent field sites with and without a 4-year history of grazing lucerne, to determine whether the incorporation of organic (lucerne pellets and dynamic lifter at rates of 10–20 t ha−1) and inorganic (gypsum, coarse sand and MAP) amendments into a depth of 30–40 cm improves crop performance on a Sodosol with dense sodic subsoil. We reported previously that the organic amendments increased wheat yield in the first year by 70% above the untreated control. This paper reports the change in soil water dynamics and the performances of a wheat crop in 2006 and a canola crop in 2007. A drought occurred in 2006 with only 55% of the average annual rainfall. The growing season in 2007 was difficult for canola, due to an extended dry period in the spring. However, there was generally more water captured and stored in deeper soil layers during the summer fallow period in both years, in plots treated with organic amendments, compared to control plots, particularly at the non-lucerne site. The application of organic amendments also increased the crop shoot biomass prior to anthesis at both sites, and increased wheat yield by up to 54% at the non-lucerne site in 2006, and the canola yield at both sites in 2007. The residual effect from the incorporation in 2005 of organic amendments in the subsoil, a practice known as subsoil manuring, significantly increased wheat yield at the non-lucerne site in 2006, and canola yield at both sites in 2007. The increases in crop yield were mainly attributed to the use of extra soil water (stored during the summer fallow) at critical growth stages.
Tài liệu tham khảo
Brockwell J, Gault RR, Peoples MB, Turner GL, Lilley DM, Bergersen FJ (1995) N2 fixation in irrigated lucerne grown for hay. Soil Biol Biochem 27:589–594
Cresswell HP, Kirkegaard JA (1995) Subsoil amelioration by plant roots-the process and the evidence. Aust J Soil Res 33:221–239
Doolea GJ, Pannell DJ (2008) Role and value of including lucerne (Medicago sativa L.) phases in crop rotations for the management of herbicide-resistant Lolium rigidum in Western Australia. Crop Protection 27:497–504
Gardner WK, Fawcett RG, Steed GR, Pratley JE, Whitfield DM, van Rees H (1992) Crop production on duplex soils in south-eastern Australia. Aust J Exp Agric 32:607–615
Gill JS, Sale PWG, Tang C (2008) Amelioration of dense sodic subsoil using organic amendments increases wheat yield more than using gypsum in a high rainfall zone of southern Australia. Field Crop Res 107:265–275
Gill JS, Sale PWG, Peries RR, Tang C (2009) Changes in soil physical properties and crop root growth in dense sodic subsoil following incorporation of organic amendments. Field Crop Res 114:137–146
Hartmann C, Poss R, Noble AD, Jongskul A, Bourdon E, Brunet D, Lesturgez G (2008) Subsoil improvement in a tropical coarse textured soil: effect of deep-ripping and slotting. Soil Till 99:245–253
Ilyas M, Miller RW, Qureshi RH (1993) Hydraulic conductivity of saline-sodic soil after gypsum application and cropping. Soil Sci Soc Am J 57:1580–1587
Isbell RF (2002) The Australian soil classification. CSIRO Publishing, Collingwood
Jayawardene N, Blackwell J, Krichhof G, Muirhead W (1995) Slotting a new deep tillage technique for ameliorating sodic, acid and other degraded subsoils and treatment of waste. In: Stewart B, Jayawardene N (eds) Subsoil management techniques. CRC Press, Boca Raton, pp 109–146
Jayawardene NS, Chan KY (1994) The management of soil physical properties limiting crop production in Australian sodic soils-a review. Aust J Soil Res 32:13–44
Passioura JB, Angus JF (2010) Improving water productivity of crops in water-limited environments. Adv Agron 106:38–67
Qadir M, Osster JD (2002) Vegetative bioremediation of calcareous sodic soils: History, mechanism and evaluation. Irrig Sci 21:91–101
Reuter DJ, Robinson JB (1997) Plant analysis: an interpretation manual. CSIRO Publishing, Collingwood, p 572
Ruske RE, Gooding MJ, Jones SA (2003) The effect of triazole and strobilurin fungicide programmes on nitrogen uptake, portioning, remobilization and grain N accumulation in winter wheat cultivars. J Agric Sci 140:395–407
Tanaka DL, Aase JK (1987) Fallow method influences on soil water and precipitation storage efficiency. Soil Till 9:307–316
Tang C, Rengel Z, Abrecht D, Tennant D (2002) Aluminium-tolerant wheat uses more water and yields higher than aluminium-sensitive one on a sandy soil with subsurface acidity. Field Crop Res 78:93–103
Topp GC, Davis JL (1985) Measurement of soil water content using time domain reflectometry (TDR): a field valuation. Soil Sci Soc Am J 49:19–24
Wong MTF, Asseng S (2007) Yield and environmental of ameliorating subsoil constraints under variable rainfall in a Mediterranean environment. Plant Soil 297:29–42
Yunusa I, Newton P (2003) Plants for amelioration of subsoil constraints and hydrological control: the primer-plant concept. Plant Soil 257:261–281
Zadok J, Chang T, Konzak F (1974) A decimal code for growth stages of cereals. Weed Res 14:415–421