Deep Structure and Geodynamics of the Black Sea–Caspian Region

Geotectonics - Tập 56 - Trang 157-177 - 2022
N. I. Pavlenkova1, T. P. Yegorova2, E. P. Baranova2, G. A. Pavlenkova1
1Schmidt Institute of Physics of the Earth, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
2Subbotin Institute of Geophysics, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine

Tóm tắt

New data on the crust structure of the Black Sea‒Caspian region, including the Scythian and Anatolian plate margins, the Caucasus, Black Sea and Southern Caspian structures are reported. Generalization and analysis of the data of deep seismic studies with an estimate of their reliability were performed and the velocity sections of the crust were constructed. Based on the data of deep drilling data and studies of the crust composition in xenoliths in these sections, three major layers were identified in the crust: granite-gneiss (6.0‒6.4 km/s), granulite-gneiss (6.5‒6.7 km/s), and basic (6.8‒7.2 km/s). According to the thickness of these layers, the major types of the crust were distinguished. Three continental types with all three layers, but different in the total thickness of the crust types were distinguished in the area of the Scythian and Anatolian plates. The oceanic type with thin basic crust and two transitional types, subcontinental and suboceanic, with the different total thickness of the crust and the thickness of the basic layer were distinguished within the deep sea basins. There are anomalous types of the crust in the Caucasus region: the thick crust of the Lesser Caucasus with anomalously low velocities and the thick high-velocity crust of the Reon‒Kura Trough. According to the seismological data, the crust of the Black Sea–Caspian region is separated from the platform plates bounding it by the deep faults and crossed by two transform faults; the upper mantle of the Caucasus differs from neighboring regions by reduced velocities. Based on the analysis of the material obtained and CDP data on the basement structure, the new structural and geodynamic schemes of the crust of the entire region were compiled, and it was shown that the formation of depressions with oceanic and suboceanic crust types corresponds to the platform regime characteristic of the depressions of Eastern Europe. A new collisional model with the overthrust of the Anatolian Plate crust onto the crust of the Lesser Caucasus without change of the structure of the upper mantle was proposed to explain the structure of the Caucasus region.

Tài liệu tham khảo

A. P. Afanasenkov, A. M. Nikishin, and A. N. Obukhov, Geological Structure and Hydrocarbon Potential of the East Black Sea Region (Nauchn. Mir, Moscow, 2007) [in Russian].

E. P. Baranova, T. P. Yegorova, and V. D. Omel’chenko, “A reinterpretation of DSS seismic data and gravity modeling along the profiles 25, 28, and 29 in the Black and Azov seas,” Geophys. J. 30 (5), 1–20 (2008).

E. P. Baranova, I. P. Kosminskaya, and N. I. Pavlenkova, “A reinterpretation of South Caspian DSS data,” Geophys. J. 12 (5), 60–67 (1990).

V. V. Belousov and N. I. Pavlenkova, “Types of the Earth’s crust of Europe and North Atlantic,” Geotektonika, No. 3, 3–14 (1989).

The Alpine History of the Greater Caucasus, Ed. by Yu. G. Leonov (GEOS, Moscow, 2007) [in Russian].

G. A. Gamburtsev, “Deep seismic sounding of the Earth’s crust,” Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR 87 (6), (1952).

E. I. Gal’perin and I. P. Kosminskaya, “The peculiarities of marine-based deep seismic sounding,” Izv. Akad. Nauk SSSR. Ser. Geofiz., No. 7, 45–58 (1958).

The Deep Structure of the Territory of the USSR, Ed. by V. V. Belousov, N. I. Pavlenkova, and G. N. Kvyatkovskaya (Nauka, Moscow, 1991) [in Russian].

S. Duda, S. Fastoff, and D. Kaizer, “Spitak earthquake December 7 1998: Source parameters from broadband records of the Central Seismological Observatory of West Germany,” Fiz. Zemli, No. 11, 27–38 (1991).

L. I. Ioganson, “Belousov’s general geotectonic hypotheses,” Byull. Mosk. O-va Ispyt. Prir., Otd. Geol. 87 (4), 80–84 (2012).

T. N. Kengerli, F. A. Kadirov, G. D. Yetirmishli, F. A. Aliev, S. E. Kyazimova, A. M. Aliyev, R. T. Safarov, and U. G. Vakhabov, “Recent geodynamics, active faults and earthquake focal mechanisms in the zone of pseudosubduction interaction between the Northern and Southern Caucasus microplates on the southern slope of the Greater Caucasus (Azerbaijan),” Geodynam. Tectonophys. 9b (4), 1099–1126 (2018). https://doi.org/10.5800/GT-2018-9-4-0385

M. L. Kopp and N. N. Kurdin, “Regional strike-slip faults in the Southeastern Caucasus,” Izv. VUZov. Geol. Razved., No. 11, 30–37 (1980).

G. V. Krasnopevtseva, B. A. Matushkin, and V. I. Shevchenko, “New interpretation of DSS data along the Stepnoe–Bakuriani profile, Caucasus Region,” Sov. Geol., No. 8, 113–120 (1970).

Yu. G. Leonov, O. I. Gushchenko, M. L. Kopp, and L. M. Rastsvetaev,” Relationship between the Late Cenozoic stresses and deformations in the Caucasus sector of the Alpine Belt and its northern foreland,” Geotectonics 35 (1), 30–50 (2001).

Yu. G. Leonov, Yu. A. Volozh, M. P. Antipov, V. A. Bykadorov, and T. N. Kheraskova, “Consolidated crust of the Caspian Region,” in Trans. Geol. Inst. Russ. Acad. Sci. Vol. 593, Ed. by Yu. G. Leonov (GEOS, Moscow, 2010) [in Russian].

The 1 : 5 000 000 International Tectonic Map of Europe, 3rd ed., Ed. by Yu. G. Leonov and V. E. Khain (Geol. Inst. Ross. Akad. Nauk, Moscow, 1996) [in Russian].

V. N. Moskalenko and Ya. P. Malovitskii, “Results of the deep seismic sounding from transmeridional profile across the Azov and Black seas,” Izv. Akad. Nauk SSSR. Ser. Geol., No. 9, 23–31 (1974).

Yu. P. Neprochnov, A. F. Neprochnova, G. N. Lunarskii, M. F. Mizno, G. Ya. Mupsidze, and V. K. Chichinadze, “Structure of the Earth’s crust in the eastern part of Black Sea from deep seismic sounding,” Okeanologiya, No. 1, 10–24 (1966).

A. M. Nikishin, P. A. Fokin, P. L. Tikhomirov, et al., 400 Million Years of the Southeastern Europe, Ed. by A. M. Nikishin (Geokart, GEOS, Moscow, 2005) [in Russian].

G. A. Pavlenkova, “Crustal structure of the Lesser Caucasus based on deep seismic sounding,” Geofiz. Issled. 20 (1), 65–79 (2019).

N. I. Pavlenkova, “Kola borehole and its implication for the deep seismic soundings,” Sov. Geol., No. 6, 17–23 (1989).

N. I. Pavlenkova, V. N. Pilipenko, and V. A. Roman, Methodology for Compiling High-Veolocity. Sections of the Earth’s Crust (Naukova Dumka, Kiev, 1972) [in Russian].

B. G. Polyak, I. L. Kamenskii, E. M. Prasolov, A. L. Cheshko, L. N. Barabanov, and G. I. Buachidze, “ Helium isotopes in gases of the Northern Caucasus: Implications for heat and mass influx from the mantle,” Geochem. Int. 36, 329–342 (1998).

L. M. Rastsvetaev, “Strike-slip faults and Alpine geodynamics of the Caucasus Region,” in Geodynamics of the Caucasus, Ed. by V. N. Strakhov (Nauka, Moscow, 1989), pp. 109–112 [in Russian].

Seismic Models of the Lithosphere of the Main Geostructures in the Territory of the USSR, Ed. by S. M. Zverev and I. P. Kosminskaya (Nauka, Moscow, 1980) [in Russian].

Structure of the Western Part of the Black Sea Basin, Ed. by Ya. P. Malovitsky and Yu. P. Neprochnov (Nauka, Moscow, 1972) [in Russian].

Tectonics of the Southern Frame of the East European Platform. Explanatory Note to the 1 : 2 500 000 Tectonic Map of the Black Sea–Caspian Region, Ed. by V. E. Khain and V. I. Popkov (Kuban. Gos. Univ., Krasnodar, 2009) [in Russian].

T. I. Frolova and I. A. Burikova, Magmatic Formations in Modern Geotectonic Environments, Ed. by I. V. Barinova (Mosk. Gos. Univ., Moscow, 1997) [in Russian].

V. E. Khain, Tectonics of Continents and Oceans (Nauchn. Mir, Moscow, 2001), pp. 95–166.

Yu. K. Shchukin, A. K. Astakhov, A. A. Belov, et al., “Geological and geophysical conditions in the source zone of the Spitak Earthquake (on the 10th anniversary of the tragedy),” Geofizika, No. 5, 54–66 (1998).

V. V. Yudin, Geodynamics of the Black Sea–Caspian Region (Ukrain. Gos. Geologorazved. Inst. GGRI, Kiev, 2008) [in Russian].

European Lithosphere Dynamics, Ed. by D. G. Gee and R. A. Stephenson (Geol. Soc. London, Mem., 2006. Vol. 32).

V. Gobarenko, T. Yegorova, and R. Stephenson, “Local tomography model of the northeast Black Sea: Intraplate crustal underthrusting,” in Tectonic Evolution of the Eastern Black Sea and Caucasus, Ed. by M. Sosson, R. A. Stephenson, S. A. Adamia (Spec. Publ.—Geol. Soc. London, 2017. Vol. 428), pp. 221–239. https://doi.org/10.1144/SP428.2

Yu. L. Rebetsky, “The current state of crustal stresses in the Caucasus according to the unified catalogue of earthquake mechanisms,” Geodynam. Tectonophys 11 (1), 17–29 (2020). https://doi.org/10.5800/GT-2020-11-1-0459

M. K. Salah and S. Sabin, “3D crustal velocity and V p/V s structure beneath Southeast Anatolia and their geodynamic implications,” Geophys. J. 41 (2), 122–140 (2019). https://doi.org/10.24028/gzh.0203-3100.v4112.2019.164460

C. L. Scott, D. J. Shillington, T. A. Minshull, R. A. Edwards, P. J. Brown, and N. J. White, “Wide-angle seismic data reveal extensive overpressures in Eastern Black Sea,” Geophys. J. Int. 178, 1145–1163 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.2009.04215.x

D. J. Shillington, T. A. Minshull, R. A. Edwards, and N. White, “Crustal structure of the Mid Black Sea High from wide-angle seismic data,” in: Petroleum Geology of the Black Sea, Ed. by M. D. Simmons, G. C. Tari, and A. I. Okay (Spec. Publ.—Geol. Soc. London, 2017. Vol. 464), pp. 19–32. https://doi.org/10.1144/SP464.6

D. J. Shillington, C. L. Scott, T. A. Minshull, R. A. Edwards, P. J. Brown, and N. White, “Abrupt transition from magma-starved to magma-rich rifting in the eastern Black Sea,” Geology 37 (1), 7–10 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1130/G25302A.1

V. Starostenko, T. Janik, T. Yegorova, et al., “Seismic model of the crust and upper mantle in the Scythian Platform: the DOBRE-5 profile across the north western Black Sea and the Crimean Peninsula,” Geophys. J. Int. 201, 406–428 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggv018

GEBCO. www.gebco.net/data_and_products/printable_ maps/documents/gebco_world_map_2014.pdf.