Current and Prospective Treatment of Adenomyosis

Bird, 1972, The elusive adenomyosis of the uterus—Revisited, Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol., 112, 583, 10.1016/0002-9378(72)90781-8

Donnez, 2018, Pathogenesis of uterine adenomyosis: Invagination or metaplasia?, Fertil. Steril., 109, 371, 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2017.12.030

Vigano, 2018, Time to redefine endometriosis including its pro-fibrotic nature, Hum. Reprod., 33, 347, 10.1093/humrep/dex354

Koninckx, 2021, The epidemiology of endometriosis is poorly known as the pathophysiology and diagnosis are unclear, Best Pract. Res. Clin. Obstet. Gynaecol., 71, 14, 10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2020.08.005

Stewart, 2013, Adenomyosis: Epidemiology, Risk Factors, Clinical Phenotype and Surgical and Interventional Alternatives to Hysterectomy, Geburtshilfe Frauenheilkd, 73, 924, 10.1055/s-0033-1350840

Vannuccini, 2018, Role of medical therapy in the management of uterine adenomyosis, Fertil. Steril., 109, 398, 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2018.01.013

Farquhar, 2006, Medical and surgical management of adenomyosis, Best Pract. Res. Clin. Obstet. Gynaecol., 20, 603, 10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2006.01.012

Li, 2018, The Investigation and Management of Adenomyosis in Women Who Wish to Improve or Preserve Fertility, BioMed Res. Int., 2018, 6832685

Kitawaki, 2006, Adenomyosis: The pathophysiology of an oestrogen-dependent disease, Best Pract. Res. Clin. Obstet. Gynaecol., 20, 493, 10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2006.01.010

Dessouky, 2019, Management of uterine adenomyosis: Current trends and uterine artery embolization as a potential alternative to hysterectomy, Insights Imaging, 10, 48, 10.1186/s13244-019-0732-8

Osada, 2018, Uterine adenomyosis and adenomyoma: The surgical approach, Fertil. Steril., 109, 406, 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2018.01.032

NICE (2021, July 07). Heavy Menstrual Bleeding: Assessment and Management. Available online: https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng88/chapter/recommendations#management-of-hmb.

Marjoribanks, J., Ayeleke, R.O., Farquhar, C., and Proctor, M. (2010). Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for dysmenorrhoea. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev.

Wong, 2009, Oral contraceptive pill for primary dysmenorrhoea, Cochrane Database Syst. Rev., 2009, CD002120

Sharafi, 2000, Symptomatic fibroids: The need to include low dose OCPs as a treatment option, Prim. Care Update OB GYNS, 7, 46, 10.1016/S1068-607X(99)00040-2

Pontis, 2016, Adenomyosis: A systematic review of medical treatment, Gynecol. Endocrinol., 32, 696, 10.1080/09513590.2016.1197200

Mansouri, 2015, Regression of Adenomyosis on Magnetic Resonance Imaging after a Course of Hormonal Suppression in Adolescents: A Case Series, J. Pediatr. Adolesc. Gynecol., 28, 437, 10.1016/j.jpag.2014.12.009

Brown, 2010, Gonadotrophin-releasing hormone analogues for pain associated with endometriosis, Cochrane Database Syst. Rev., 2010, CD008475

Donnez, 2020, Gonadotropin-releasing hormone antagonist (linzagolix): A new therapy for uterine adenomyosis, Fertil. Steril., 114, 640, 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2020.04.017

Kavoussi, 2020, Elagolix to medically treat a uterine adenomyoma: A case report, Eur. J. Obstet. Gynecol. Reprod. Biol., 247, 266, 10.1016/j.ejogrb.2020.02.027

Imai, 2014, Levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine device used for dysmenorrhea: Five-year literature review, Clin. Exp. Obstet. Gynecol., 41, 495, 10.12891/ceog17042014

Maia, 2003, Insertion of mirena after endometrial resection in patients with adenomyosis, J. Am. Assoc. Gynecol. Laparosc., 10, 512, 10.1016/S1074-3804(05)60158-2

Ozdegirmenci, 2011, Comparison of levonorgestrel intrauterine system versus hysterectomy on efficacy and quality of life in patients with adenomyosis, Fertil. Steril., 95, 497, 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2010.10.009

Beatty, 2009, The levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system: Safety, efficacy, and patient acceptability, Ther. Clin. Risk Manag., 5, 561

Fong, 1999, Medical treatment of a grossly enlarged adenomyotic uterus with the levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system, Contraception, 60, 173, 10.1016/S0010-7824(99)00075-X

Shaaban, 2015, Levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system versus a low-dose combined oral contraceptive for treatment of adenomyotic uteri: A randomized clinical trial, Contraception, 92, 301, 10.1016/j.contraception.2015.05.015

Abbas, 2020, The role of levonorgestrel intra-uterine system in the management of adenomyosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies, Acta Obstet. Gynecol. Scand., 99, 571, 10.1111/aogs.13798

Igarashi, 2002, Further studies on danazol-loaded IUD in uterine adenomyosis, Fertil. Steril., 77, S25, 10.1016/S0015-0282(01)03087-4

Igarashi, 2000, Novel conservative medical therapy for uterine adenomyosis with a danazol-loaded intrauterine device, Fertil. Steril., 74, 412, 10.1016/S0015-0282(00)00624-5

Shawki, 2002, Danazol loaded intrauterine device (IUD) for management of uterine adenomyosis: A novel approach, Fertil. Steril., 77, S24, 10.1016/S0015-0282(01)03085-0

Osuga, 2020, Long-term use of dienogest for the treatment of primary and secondary dysmenorrhea, J. Obstet. Gynaecol. Res., 46, 606, 10.1111/jog.14209

Hirata, 2014, Efficacy of dienogest in the treatment of symptomatic adenomyosis: A pilot study, Gynecol. Endocrinol., 30, 726, 10.3109/09513590.2014.926882

Osuga, 2017, Evaluation of the efficacy and safety of dienogest in the treatment of painful symptoms in patients with adenomyosis: A randomized, double-blind, multicenter, placebo-controlled study, Fertil. Steril., 108, 673, 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2017.07.021

Neriishi, 2018, Long-term dienogest administration in patients with symptomatic adenomyosis, J. Obstet. Gynaecol. Res., 44, 1439, 10.1111/jog.13674

Fawzy, 2015, Comparison of dienogest versus triptorelin acetate in premenopausal women with adenomyosis: A prospective clinical trial, Arch. Gynecol. Obstet., 292, 1267, 10.1007/s00404-015-3755-5

Hassanin, 2021, Comparison of dienogest versus combined oral contraceptive pills in the treatment of women with adenomyosis: A randomized clinical trial, Int. J. Gynaecol. Obstet., 154, 263, 10.1002/ijgo.13600

Ota, 2018, Combination of microwave endometrial ablation and postoperative dienogest administration is effective for treating symptomatic adenomyosis, J. Obstet. Gynaecol. Res., 44, 1787, 10.1111/jog.13720

Badawy, 2012, Aromatase inhibitors or gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonists for the management of uterine adenomyosis: A randomized controlled trial, Acta Obstet. Gynecol. Scand., 91, 489, 10.1111/j.1600-0412.2012.01350.x

Kimura, 2007, Concomitant treatment of severe uterine adenomyosis in a premenopausal woman with an aromatase inhibitor and a gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist, Fertil. Steril., 87, 1468.e9, 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2006.09.010

Gracia, 2018, Ulipristal Acetate Improves Clinical Symptoms in Women with Adenomyosis and Uterine Myomas, J. Minim. Invasive Gynecol., 25, 1274, 10.1016/j.jmig.2018.04.002

Capmas, 2021, Ulipristal acetate use in adenomyosis: A randomized controlled trial, J. Gynecol. Obstet. Hum. Reprod., 50, 101978, 10.1016/j.jogoh.2020.101978

Conway, 2019, Ulipristal acetate therapy increases ultrasound features of adenomyosis: A good treatment given in an erroneous diagnosis of uterine fibroids, Gynecol. Endocrinol., 35, 207, 10.1080/09513590.2018.1505846

Calderon, 2021, Progression of adenomyosis magnetic resonance imaging features under ulipristal acetate for symptomatic fibroids, Reprod. Biomed. Online, 42, 661, 10.1016/j.rbmo.2020.11.012

Hong, 2019, Adverse symptoms during short-term use of ulipristal acetate in women with uterine myomas and/or adenomyosis, J. Obstet. Gynaecol. Res., 45, 865, 10.1111/jog.13917

European Medicines Agency (2021, July 07). Meeting Highlights from the Pharmacovigilance Risk Assessment Committee (PRAC) 31 August–3 September 2020. Available online: https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/news/meeting-highlights-pharmacovigilance-risk-assessment-committee-prac-31-august-3-september-2020.

Zhu, 2016, Anti-platelet therapy holds promises in treating adenomyosis: Experimental evidence, Reprod. Biol. Endocrinol., 14, 66, 10.1186/s12958-016-0198-1

Socha, 2017, Prolactin role in the bovine uterus during adenomyosis, Domest. Anim. Endocrinol., 58, 1, 10.1016/j.domaniend.2017.05.001

Andersson, 2019, Vaginal bromocriptine improves pain, menstrual bleeding and quality of life in women with adenomyosis: A pilot study, Acta Obstet. Gynecol. Scand., 98, 1341, 10.1111/aogs.13632

Andersson, 2020, Vaginal bromocriptine for treatment of adenomyosis: Impact on magnetic resonance imaging and transvaginal ultrasound, Eur. J. Obstet. Gynecol. Reprod. Biol., 254, 38, 10.1016/j.ejogrb.2020.08.040

Mechsner, 2010, Possible roles of oxytocin receptor and vasopressin-1α receptor in the pathomechanism of dysperistalsis and dysmenorrhea in patients with adenomyosis uteri, Fertil. Steril., 94, 2541, 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2010.03.015

Mahar, 2018, Single- and Multiple-Day Dosing Studies to Investigate High-Dose Pharmacokinetics of Epelsiban and Its Metabolite, GSK2395448, in Healthy Female Volunteers, Clin. Pharmacol. Drug Dev., 7, 33, 10.1002/cpdd.363

Ajao, 2019, Persistence of Symptoms After Total vs Supracervical Hysterectomy in Women with Histopathological Diagnosis of Adenomyosis, J. Minim. Invasive Gynecol., 26, 891, 10.1016/j.jmig.2018.09.002

Wood, 1993, Biopsy diagnosis and conservative surgical treatment of adenomyosis, Aust. N. Z. J. Obstet. Gynaecol., 33, 319, 10.1111/j.1479-828X.1993.tb02098.x

Saremi, 2014, Treatment of adenomyomectomy in women with severe uterine adenomyosis using a novel technique, Reprod. Biomed. Online, 28, 753, 10.1016/j.rbmo.2014.02.008

Shu, 2016, Fifteen cases clinical analysis of wedge-shaped resection of uterus treating adenomyosis-CONSORT, Medicine, 95, e3805, 10.1097/MD.0000000000003805

Grimbizis, 2014, Uterus-sparing operative treatment for adenomyosis, Fertil. Steril., 101, 472, 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2013.10.025

Younes, 2018, Conservative Surgery for Adenomyosis and Results: A Systematic Review, J. Minim. Invasive Gynecol., 25, 265, 10.1016/j.jmig.2017.07.014

Kang, 2009, Clinical application and midterm results of laparoscopic partial resection of symptomatic adenomyosis combined with uterine artery occlusion, J. Minim. Invasive Gynecol., 16, 169, 10.1016/j.jmig.2008.12.003

Zheng, 2013, Comparison of combined transcervical resection of the endometrium and levonorgestrel-containing intrauterine system treatment versus levonorgestrel-containing intrauterine system treatment alone in women with adenomyosis: A prospective clinical trial, J. Reprod. Med., 58, 285

Ota, 2020, New surgical technique of laparoscopic resection of adenomyosis under real-time intraoperative ultrasound elastography guidance: A case report, Heliyon, 6, e04628, 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04628

Manyonda, 2012, Uterine artery embolization versus myomectomy: Impact on quality of life—Results of the FUME (Fibroids of the Uterus: Myomectomy versus Embolization) Trial, Cardiovasc. Interv. Radiol., 35, 530, 10.1007/s00270-011-0228-5

Siskin, 2001, Uterine artery embolization for the treatment of adenomyosis: Clinical response and evaluation with MR imaging, Am. J. Roentgenol., 177, 297, 10.2214/ajr.177.2.1770297

Kim, 2004, Uterine artery embolization for adenomyosis without fibroids, Clin. Radiol., 59, 520, 10.1016/j.crad.2003.11.018

Kim, 2007, Long-term results of uterine artery embolization for symptomatic adenomyosis, Am. J. Roentgenol., 188, 176, 10.2214/AJR.05.1613

Kitamura, 2006, MRI of adenomyosis: Changes with uterine artery embolization, Am. J. Roentgenol., 186, 855, 10.2214/AJR.04.1661

Wang, 2016, The evaluation of uterine artery embolization as a nonsurgical treatment option for adenomyosis, Int. J. Gynaecol. Obstet., 133, 202, 10.1016/j.ijgo.2015.09.016

Smink, 2017, Uterine Artery Embolization for the Treatment of Adenomyosis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis, J. Vasc. Interv. Radiol., 28, 1629, 10.1016/j.jvir.2017.07.034

Liang, 2018, A clinical audit on the efficacy and safety of uterine artery embolisation for symptomatic adenomyosis: Results in 117 women, Aust. N. Z. J. Obstet. Gynaecol., 58, 454, 10.1111/ajo.12767

Smeets, 2012, Long-term follow-up of uterine artery embolization for symptomatic adenomyosis, Cardiovasc. Interv. Radiol., 35, 815, 10.1007/s00270-011-0203-1

Smink, 2017, Uterine Artery Embolization for Symptomatic Adenomyosis: 7-Year Clinical Follow-up Using UFS-Qol Questionnaire, Cardiovasc. Interv. Radiol., 40, 1344, 10.1007/s00270-017-1686-1

Lohle, 2018, Uterine Artery Embolization Versus Hysterectomy in the Treatment of Symptomatic Adenomyosis: Protocol for the Randomized QUESTA Trial, JMIR Res. Protoc., 7, e47, 10.2196/resprot.8512

Mohan, 2013, Uterine artery embolization and its effect on fertility, J. Vasc. Interv. Radiol., 24, 925, 10.1016/j.jvir.2013.03.014

Scarperi, 2015, Laparoscopic Radiofrequency Thermal Ablation for Uterine Adenomyosis, J. Soc. Laparoendosc. Surg., 19, e2015.00071, 10.4293/JSLS.2015.00071

Hai, 2017, Ultrasound-guided transcervical radiofrequency ablation for symptomatic uterine adenomyosis, Br. J. Radiol., 90, 20160119, 10.1259/bjr.20160119

Nam, 2020, Pregnancy and symptomatic relief following ultrasound-guided transvaginal radiofrequency ablation in patients with adenomyosis, J. Obstet. Gynaecol. Res., 46, 124, 10.1111/jog.14145

Hai, 2021, Ultrasound-guided transvaginal radiofrequency ablation combined with levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system for symptomatic uterine adenomyosis treatment, Int. J. Hyperth., 38, 65, 10.1080/02656736.2021.1874063

Cheung, 2018, High-intensity focused ultrasound therapy, Best Pract. Res. Clin. Obstet. Gynaecol., 46, 74, 10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2017.09.002

Fan, 2012, Feasibility of MRI-guided high intensity focused ultrasound treatment for adenomyosis, Eur. J. Radiol., 81, 3624, 10.1016/j.ejrad.2011.05.036

Wang, 2009, Safety and efficacy of high intensity focused ultrasound ablation therapy for adenomyosis, Acad. Radiol., 16, 1416, 10.1016/j.acra.2009.06.005

Zhou, 2011, Ultrasound-guided high-intensity focused ultrasound ablation for adenomyosis: The clinical experience of a single center, Fertil. Steril., 95, 900, 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2010.10.020

Li, 2020, Clinical effectiveness and potential long-term benefits of high-intensity focused ultrasound therapy for patients with adenomyosis, J. Int. Med. Res., 48, 300060520976492, 10.1177/0300060520976492

Zhou, 2016, Pregnancy outcomes and symptom improvement of patients with adenomyosis treated with high intensity focused ultrasound ablation, Zhonghua Fu Chan Ke Za Zhi, 51, 845

Zhang, 2014, Effective ablation therapy of adenomyosis with ultrasound-guided high-intensity focused ultrasound, Int. J. Gynaecol. Obstet., 124, 207, 10.1016/j.ijgo.2013.08.022

Dev, 2019, MR-guided focused ultrasound surgery: A novel non-invasive technique in the treatment of adenomyosis -18 month’s follow-up of 12 cases, Indian J. Radiol. Imaging, 29, 284, 10.4103/ijri.IJRI_53_19

Shui, 2015, High-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) for adenomyosis: Two-year follow-up results, Ultrason. Sonochem., 27, 677, 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2015.05.024

Marques, 2020, Is High-intensity Focused Ultrasound Effective for the Treatment of Adenomyosis? A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis, J. Minim. Invasive Gynecol., 27, 332, 10.1016/j.jmig.2019.07.029

Lee, 2017, Changes in anti-müllerian hormone levels as a biomarker for ovarian reserve after ultrasound-guided high-intensity focused ultrasound treatment of adenomyosis and uterine fibroid, BJOG Int. J. Obstet. Gynaecol., 124, 18, 10.1111/1471-0528.14739

Huang, 2020, A comparison of reproductive outcomes of patients with adenomyosis and infertility treated with High-Intensity focused ultrasound and laparoscopic excision, Int. J. Hyperth., 37, 301, 10.1080/02656736.2020.1742390

Guo, 2018, High intensity focused ultrasound treatment of adenomyosis: A comparative study, Int. J. Hyperth., 35, 505, 10.1080/02656736.2018.1509238

Haiyan, 2019, High-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) combined with gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogs (GnRHa) and levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system (LNG-IUS) for adenomyosis: A case series with long-term follow up, Int. J. Hyperth., 36, 1179, 10.1080/02656736.2019.1679892

Guo, 2017, Gonadotrophin-releasing hormone agonist combined with high-intensity focused ultrasound ablation for adenomyosis: A clinical study, BJOG Int. J. Obstet. Gynaecol., 124, 7, 10.1111/1471-0528.14736

Li, 2021, High-intensity focused ultrasound in the management of adenomyosis: Long-term results from a single center, Int. J. Hyperth., 38, 241, 10.1080/02656736.2021.1886347

Xu, 2021, High-Intensity Focused Ultrasound Combined With Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Agonist or Levonorgestrel-Releasing Intrauterine System in Treating Dysmenorrhea of Severe Adenomyosis, J. Comput. Assist. Tomogr., 45, 224, 10.1097/RCT.0000000000001138