Cultural closeness as a facet of cultural affinity

Emerald - Tập 16 Số 3 - Trang 182-201 - 1999
Jonathan S.Swift1
1Staffordshire University Business School, Stoke‐on‐Trent, UK

Tóm tắt

Deals with the relationship between cultural closeness and cultural affinity. The basis of the research is that a correlation exists between the level of affinity (or “liking”) executives feel for a foreign culture, and the extent to which they feel psychologically close to that culture. Findings indicate a moderate level of correlation between cultural closeness and cultural liking (r = 0.4048, p = 0.0000), which would suggest that cultural closeness is a contributory element to psychic closeness. Looks at the concept of psychic distance, examining the component elements. It then details the empirical research on which the conclusions are based, explaining how a sample of industry executives was identified, and how the research was carried out. Concludes with an overview of culture as an element of distance in international business, and makes some suggestions for pre‐departure executive training.

Từ khóa


Tài liệu tham khảo

Adler, N.J. and Graham, J.L. (1989), “Cross‐cultural interaction: the international comparison fallacy?”, Journal of International Business Studies, Vol. 20 No. 3, pp. 515‐37.

Advertising Association (1994), Marketing Pocket Book (1995), The Advertising Association, with NTC Publications Ltd, Henley‐on‐Thames.

Allport, G.W. (1954), The Nature of Prejudice, Addison‐Wesley Publishing Company, Reading, MA.

Aronson, E. (1969), “Some antecedents of interpersonal attraction”, in Arnold, W.J. and LeVine, D. (Eds), Nebraska Symposium on Motivation, University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln, NE, pp. 143‐73.

Bateson, G. (1941), “The frustration – aggression hypothesis and culture”, Psychological Review, Vol. XLVIII No. 4, pp. 350‐55.

Chisnall, P.M. (1992), Marketing Research, 4th ed., McGraw Hill Book Company, Maidenhead.

Coon, C.S. (1954), The Races of Europe, The Macmillan Company, New York, NY.

Dion, P. (1995), “What is really necessary in buyer/seller relationships?”, Easterling, D. and Miller, S.J., Industrial Marketing Management, Vol. 24 No. 1, pp. 1‐9.

Domsch, M. and Lichtenberger, B. (1991), “Managing the global manager: predeparture training and development for German expatriates in China and Brazil”, Journal of Management Development, Vol. 10 No. 7, pp. 41‐52.

Dwyer, E.P., Schurr, P.H. and Oh, S. (1987), “Developing buyer‐seller relationships”, Journal of Marketing, Vol. 51 No. 2, pp. 11‐27.

Ford, D. (1989), “One more time: what buyer‐seller relationships are all about”, in Wilson, D.T., Han, S.‐L. and Holler, G.W. (Eds), Research in Marketing: An International Perspective, Penn State University Press, OH, pp. 813‐36.

Gripsrud, G. (1990), “The determinants of export decisions and attitudes to a distant market: Norwegian fishery exports to Japan”, Journal of International Business Studies, Vol. 21 No. 3, pp. 469‐85.

Hallén, L. and Wiedersheim‐Paul, F. (1984), “The evolution of psychic distance in international business relationships”, in Hagg, I. and Widersheim‐Paul, F. (Eds), Between Market and Hierarchy, University of Uppsala, Department of Business Administration, Uppsala, pp. 15‐27.

Harbison, F. and Myers, C.A. (1959), Management in the Industrial World, McGraw‐Hill Book Company, New York, NY.

Hayes, J. and Allinson, C.W. (1988), “Cultural differences in the learning styles of managers”, Management International Review, Vol. 28 No. 3, pp. 75‐80.

Herskovits, M. (1952), Man and His Works, Alfred A. Knopf, New York, NY.

Holden, N.J. and Burgess, M. (1994), Japanese‐led Companies: Understanding How to Make Them Your Customers, McGraw‐Hill Book Company, London.

Homans, G.C. (1973), Social Behaviour: It’s Elementary Forms, Routledge & Kegan Paul, London.

Howe, I.C.K., Tseng, A.T.‐P. and Hong, A.T.K. (1990) “The role of culture in training in a multi‐national context”, Journal of Management Development, Vol. 9 No. 5, pp. 51‐7.

Johanson, J. and Vahlne, J.‐E. (1977), “The internationalisation process of the firm – a model of knowledge development and increasing foreign market commitment”, Journal of International Business Studies, Vol. 8 No. 1, pp. 23‐32.

Johanson, J. and Wiedersheim‐Paul, F. (1975), “The internationalisation of the firm: four Swedish cases”, Journal of Management Studies, Vol. 12 No. 3, pp. 305‐22.

Kanter, R.M. and Corn, R.I. (1994), “Do cultural differences make a business difference? Contextual factors affecting cross‐cultural relationship success”, Journal of Management Development, Vol. 13 No. 2, pp. 5‐23.

Klein, S. and Roth, V.J. (1990), “Determinants of export channel structure: the effects of experience and psychic distance revisited”, International Marketing Review, Vol. 7 No. 5, pp. 27‐38.

Maslow, A.H. (1943), “A theory of human motivation”, Psychological Review, Vol. 50, pp. 370‐39.

Mendenhall, M. and Oddov, G. (1986), “Acculturation profiles of expatriate managers: implications for cross‐cultural training programmes”, Columbia Journal of World Business, Vol. 21 No. 4, pp. 73‐9.

Meyer, H.‐D. (1993), “The cultural gap in long‐term international work aroups: a German‐American case study”, European Management Journal, Vol. 11 No. 1, pp. 93‐101.

Murdock, G.P. (1945), “The common denominator of cultures”, in Linton R. (Ed.), The Science of Man in the World Crises, Columbia University Press, New York, NY, pp. 123‐42.

Park, H. and Harrison, J.K. (1993), “Enhancing managerial cross‐cultural awareness and sensitivity: transactional analysis revisited”, Journal of Management Development, Vol. 12 No. 3, pp. 20‐29.

Phillips, C., Doole, I. and Lowe, R. (1994), International Marketing Strategy: Analysis, Development and Implementation, Routledge, London.

Pun, A.S.L. (1990), “Managing the cultural differences in learning”, Journal of Management Development, Vol. 9 No. 5, pp. 35‐40.

Snell, R. (1990), “Congenial ways of learning: so near and yet so far”, Journal of Management Development, Vol. 9 No. 1, pp. 17‐23.

Swift, J.S. (1997), “The relationship between market culture and market language: British executives in overseas markets”, unpublished PhD thesis, Department of Modern Languages, University of Liverpool.

Tollgerdt‐Andersson, I. (1993), “Attitudes, values and demands on leadership – a cultural comparison”, Management Education and Development, Vol. 24 No. 1, pp. 48‐57.

Tung, R.L. (1981), “Selection and training of personnel for overseas assignments”, Columbia Journal of World Business, Vol. 16 No. 1, pp. 68‐78.

Turnbull, P.W. and Cunningham, M.T. (Eds), (1981), International Marketing and Purchasing: A Survey among Marketing and Purchasing Executives in Five European Countries, Macmillan Press, London.

Yamada, H. (1997), “Organisation in American and Japanese meetings: task versus relationship”, in Bargiela‐Chiappini, F. and Harris, S. (Eds), The Languages of Business: An International Perspective, Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh, pp. 117‐33.