Cranial bone morphometric study among mouse strains
Tóm tắt
Little is known about the molecular mechanism which regulates how the whole cranium is shaped. Mouse models currently available for genetic research include several hundreds of unique inbred strains and genetically engineered mutants. By cross comparing their genomic structures, we can elucidate the cause of any differences in the phenotype between two strains. The craniometry of subspecies, or closely related species, of mice provide a good systemic model to study the relationship between genetic variance and cranial shape evolution. The lack of a quantified framework for comparing and analyzing mouse cranial shape has been a problem. For this reason, we performed quantitative analysis of cranial shape morphology between several mouse strains. This article reports on a craniometric assay of seven mouse strains: four inbred strains (C57BL/6J, BALB/cA, C3H/HeJ, and CBA/JNCr) from Mus musculus domesticus (M. m. domesticus); one closed colony strain (ICR) from M. m. domesticus; one inbred strain (MSM/Ms) from Mus musculus molossinus; and, Mus spretus as a strain from a species other than M. m. domesticus. We performed linear measurements and geometric morphometrics. Geometric morphometrics revealed that the cranial characteristics of each strains were clearly distinguishable. We obtained mean scores for each species using the tpsRelw Program and plotted them. Geometric morphometrics proved to be useful for identifying and classifying variations in form, and it revealed that M. spretus has a slender cranium when compared with our other strains. The mean cranial shape of C3H or CBA was more similar to MSM/Ms, which is derived from M. m. molossinus, than to either C57BL/6J, BALB, or ICR which are derived from M. m. domesticus. Future work in this field will aid in elucidating the mechanism of whole cranial shape regulation.
Tài liệu tham khảo
Sakai T, Kikkawa Y, Miura I, Inoue T, Moriwaki K, Shiroishi T, Satta Y, Takahata N, Yonekawa H: Origins of mouse inbred strains deduced from whole-genome scanning by polymorphic microsatellite loci. Mamm Genome. 2005, 16 (1): 11-19. 10.1007/s00344-004-3013-9.
Barton NH, Keightley PD: Understanding quantitative genetic variation. Nat Rev Genet. 2002, 3 (1): 11-21. 10.1038/nrg700.
Wade CM, Kulbokas EJ, Kirby AW, Zody MC, Mullikin JC, Lander ES, Lindblad-Toh K, Daly MJ: The mosaic structure of variation in the laboratory mouse genome. Nature. 2002, 420 (6915): 574-578. 10.1038/nature01252.
Eswarakumar VP, Monsonego-Ornan E, Pines M, Antonopoulou I, Morriss-Kay GM, Lonai P: The IIIc alternative of Fgfr2 is a positive regulator of bone formation. Development. 2002, 129 (16): 3783-3793.
Iseki S, Wilkie AO, Morriss-Kay GM: Fgfr1 and Fgfr2 have distinct differentiation- and proliferation-related roles in the developing mouse skull vault. Development. 1999, 126 (24): 5611-5620.
Rice DP, Rice R, Thesleff I: Molecular mechanisms in calvarial bone and suture development, and their relation to craniosynostosis. Eur J Orthod. 2003, 25 (2): 139-148. 10.1093/ejo/25.2.139.
Richman JM, Lee SH: About face: signals and genes controlling jaw patterning and identity in vertebrates. Bioessays. 2003, 25 (6): 554-568. 10.1002/bies.10288.
Foote M: The evolution of morphological diversity. Annu Rev Ecol Syst. 1997, 28: 129-152. 10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.28.1.129.
Marcus L: Traditional morphometrics. Proceedings of the Michigan morphometrics workshop Museum of Zoology special publication. 1988, Ann Arbor University of Michigan, 77-122.
Bookstein FL: Morphometric tools for landmark data: geometry and biology. 1991, Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press
Rohlf FJ: Relative warp analysis and an example of its application to mosquito wings. Contributions to morphometrics. 1993, Madrid CSIC, 132-159.
Rohlf FJ, Slice D: Extensions of the Procrustes method for the optimal superimpositon of landmarks. Syst Zool. 1990, 39: 40-59. 10.2307/2992207.
Morphometrics at SUNY Stony Brook. [http://life.bio.sunysb.edu/morph/]
Auffray JC, Vanlerberghe F, Britton-Davidian J: The house mouse progression in Eurasia: a palaeontological and archaeozoological approach. Biological Journal – Linnean Society London. 1990, 41: 13-25. 10.1111/j.1095-8312.1990.tb00818.x.
Yonekawa H, Moriwaki K, Gotoh O, Miyashita N, Matsushima Y, Shi LM, Cho WS, Zhen XL, Tagashira Y: Hybrid origin of Japanese mice "Mus musculus molossinus": evidence from restriction analysis of mitochondrial DNA. Mol Biol Evol. 1988, 5 (1): 63-78.
Guénet JL, Bonhomme F: Wild mice: an ever-increasing contribution to a popular mammalian model. Trends Genet. 2003, 19 (1): 24-31. 10.1016/S0168-9525(02)00007-0.
Fink WL, Zelditch ML: Phylogenetic analysis of ontogenetic shape transformations: A reassessment of the piranha genus Pygocentrus (Teleostei). Systematic Biology. 1995, 44: 343-360. 10.2307/2413597.
Hogan B, Beddington R, Costantini F, Lacy E: Manipulating the Mouse Embryo A Laboratory Manual Second Edition. 1994, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press
Pletcher MT, McClurg P, Batalov S, Su AI, Barnes SW, Lagler E, Korstanje R, Wang X, Nusskern D, Bogue MA: Use of a dense single nucleotide polymorphism map for in silico mapping in the mouse. PLoS Biol. 2004, 2 (12): e393 -. 10.1371/journal.pbio.0020393.
Kikkawa Y, Miura I, Takahama S, Wakana S, Yamazaki Y, Moriwaki K, Shiroishi T, Yonekawa H: Microsatellite database for MSM/Ms and JF1/Ms, molossinus-derived inbred strains. Mamm Genome. 2001, 12 (9): 750-752. 10.1007/s003350030008.
Hallgrímsson B, Dorval CJ, Zelditch ML, German RZ: Craniofacial variability and morphological integration in mice susceptible to cleft lip and palate. J Anat. 2004, 205 (6): 501-517. 10.1111/j.0021-8782.2004.00356.x.
Klingenberg CP, Leamy LJ, Cheverud JM: Integration and modularity of quantitative trait locus effects on geometric shape in the mouse mandible. Genetics. 2004, 166 (4): 1909-1921. 10.1534/genetics.166.4.1909.
Fondon JW, Garner HR: Molecular origins of rapid and continuous morphological evolution. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2004, 101 (52): 18058-18063. 10.1073/pnas.0408118101.
Albertson RC, Streelman JT, Kocher TD: Directional selection has shaped the oral jaws of Lake Malawi cichlid fishes. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2003, 100 (9): 5252-5257. 10.1073/pnas.0930235100.
Hallgrimsson B, Lieberman DE, Liu W, Ford-Hutchinson AF, Jirik FR: Epigenetic interactions and the structure of phenotypic variation in the cranium. Evolution & development. 2007, 9 (1): 76-91.
Zelditch ML, Lundrigan BL, Garland T: Developmental regulation of skull morphology. I. Ontogenetic dynamics of variance. Evolution & development. 2004, 6 (3): 194-206. 10.1111/j.1525-142X.2004.04025.x.
Zelditch ML, Mezey J, Sheets HD, Lundrigan BL, Garland T: Developmental regulation of skull morphology II: ontogenetic dynamics of covariance. Evolution & development. 2006, 8 (1): 46-60. 10.1111/j.1525-142X.2006.05074.x.
Willmore KE, Leamy L, Hallgrimsson B: Effects of developmental and functional interactions on mouse cranial variability through late ontogeny. Evolution & development. 2006, 8 (6): 550-567. 10.1111/j.1525-142X.2006.00127.x.
Mathworks: MATLAB. 2000, The Mathworks, Natick, MA